GIFT   OF 
Prof.   Max  Radin 


/ 


GRAMMAR 


OF   THE 


BENGALI    LANGUAGE 


BE  A  MES 


HENRY    FROWDE 


OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS  WAREHOUSE 
AMEN  CORNER,  E.G. 


GRAMMAR 


OF    THE 


BENGALI    LANGUAGE 


and 


JOHN    BEAMES 
il 

BENGAL   CIVIL  SERVICE,    FELLOW  OF  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF  CALCUTTA 

AUTHOR  OF   '  A  COMPARATIVE   GRAMMAR   OF  THE   MODERN 

ARYAN   LANGUAGES  OF   INDIA,'   ETC. 


AT    THE    CLARENDON    PRESS 
1891 

\_All  rights  reserved} 


fycforb 

PRINTED    AT    THE    CLARENDON    PRESS 

BY  HORACE  HART,  PRINTER  TO  THE  UNIVERSITY 


PREFACE 


THE  excellent  grammar  of  the  Bengali  language  written 
many  years  ago  by  SHAMA  CHAEAN  SAKKAK  being  now  out  of 
print,  and  a  practical  grammar  appearing  to  be  required,  I 
have  compiled  the  present  work,  based  on  that  of  Sarkar,  with 
the  assistance  of  BABU  PKIYANATH  BHATTACHARYYA,  of  Cal- 
cutta, who  has,  at  my  request,  consulted  several  eminent 
Pandits  on  all  doubtful  and  difficult  points.  I  have  especially 
aimed  at  making  the  work  useful  to  those  who  desire  to 
understand  the  spoken  language  of  Bengal.  The  existing 
grammars  deal  almost  exclusively  with  the  literary  language, 
which,  as  Bengali  has  during  the  present  century  been  enriched 
by  copious  resuscitation  of  Sanskrit  terms,  is  often  unin- 
telligible to  the  mass  of  the  population.  Those  works  do  not 
therefore  adequately  prepare  the  European  student  for  com- 
munication with  the  lower  and  middle  classes,  with  whom, 
whether  as  administrator,  merchant,  or  planter,  his  business 
principally  lies.  It  is  hoped  that  the  present  work  may  supply 
this  omission,  while  at  the  same  time  not  neglecting  the  refine- 
ments of  the  higher  style. 

JOHN  BEAMES. 
October,  1891. 

Ml 21382 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

CHAPTER  I.    THE  ALPHABET 1 

§  i.  The  Character 1 

§  2.  Pronunciation:  A.  Vowels       • 5 

B.  Consonants  ......  7 

APPENDIX:  i.  Sandhi  or  Euphonic  Permutation  of  Letters       .  10 

2.  Samasa  or  Composition 12 

CHAPTER  II.    THE  NOUN 15 

§  3.  The  Substantive         . 15 

§  4.  The  Adjective 25 

§  5.  The  Numerals  :  A.  Cardinals 26 

B.  Ordinals 28 

CHAPTER  III.    THE  PRONOUN 31 

§  6.  Personal  Pronouns 31 

§  7.  Other  Pronouns 34 

CHAPTER  IV.    THE  VERB 38 

§    8.  Conjugation 38 

§    9.  Remarks  on  the  Verb  in  General 47 

$  10.  Remarks  on  the  Defective  and  Auxiliary  Verbs        .         .  52 

§  ii.  Compound  Verbs      ........  55 

CHAPTER  V.    THE  PARTICLES 59 

§  12.  Adverbs 59 

§  13.  Prepositions     .         .         . 62 

§  14.  Conjunctions 65 

§  15.  Interjections 65 

INDEX .67 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  ALPHABET. 

§  1.  THE  CHARACTER. 

THE  Bengali  language  is  written  in  a  character  allied  to,  but 
distinct  from,  the  DevanagarT,  in  which  Sanskrit  and  some  of  the 
modern  vernaculars  are  written.  The  Bengali  letters  are  derived 
directly  from  the  older  character  known  as  Kutila,  which  is  found 
in  inscriptions  as  late  as  the  eleventh  century  of  our  era,  and  which 
in  its  turn  is  a  development  of  the  still  older  Gupta  character,  which 
again  carries  us  back  to  the  forms  used  in  the  ancient  inscriptions 
of  Asoka  in  the  third  century  B.C.  The  gradual  modifications  by 
which  the  Kutila  alphabet  has  been  changed  into  the  modern  Ben- 
gali can  be  traced  with  considerable  clearness  in  inscriptions  later 
than  the  eleventh  century  which  have  been  discovered  in  many  parts 
of  Bengal. 

The  order  and  number  of  the  vowels  and  consonants  are  the  same 
in  Bengali  as  in  the  other  Aryan  languages  of  India. 

Vowels. 

^T  a  ^n  a 

3.    i  n     i  ^le^ai 

%   u  %ii  ^o^au 

^   ri  t?    ri 

«&    Iri  £     Irl 

^  ang 


BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 


Consonants. 


?F  ka 

*t  kha 

ft  ga 

^T   gha      s 

8    figa  (gnua). 

Gutturals. 

F  cha 
1?   ta 

"^  chha 
^  tha 

*f  ja 

^¥    da 

^  jha       « 
TJ    dha      « 

&  nja  (gnia). 
1     na. 

Palatals. 
Cerebrals. 

^5  ta 

«t  tha 

?    da 

5C    dha      ' 

T     na. 

Dentals. 

*T  pa 

*P  pha 

^T    ba 

^  bha     ' 

T     ma. 

Labials. 

*T  ya 

<T  ra 

«T    la 

^   va. 

Semivowels. 

"*t  s'a 

*T  sha 

T    sa 

^  ha. 

Sibilants. 

Although  for  the  sake  of  completeness  the  vowel  signs  1?  n,  «b  Iri, 
and  »  hi  are  included  in  the  list  of  characters,  they  are  not  used 
at  all  in  ordinary  Bengali.  They  are,  however,  required  in  tran- 
scribing Sanskrit  grammatical  works  into  the  Bengali  character,  and 
in  Sanskrit  grammars  written  for  the  use  of  Bengali  students. 

The  forms  of  the  vowels  given  above  are  the  initials,  and  are  used 
only  at  the  beginning  of  a  word ;  when  subjoined  to  a  consonant 
they  take  the  following  forms  : 


a  (not  expressed) 
i  f         i't 


at 
e    C 
o  (t 


ai 
au 


I 


Thus  ^  ka,  *t|  kha,  frt  gi,  *ft  ghl,  £  chu,  ^  chhu,  ^F  jri,  (*t  jhe, 
C^  tai,  C^l  tho,  C^  dau. 

In  the  following  cases  the  combination  of  consonant  and  vowel 
gives  rise  to  peculiar  forms : 


r  with  .  u  is  written 


g  with  ^  u  is  written 


(occa- 
sionally). 


When  one  consonant  follows  another  with  no  vowel  between,  the 
two  are,  as  in  Devanagarl,  combined  into  one  compound  letter.  In 
most  cases  the  elements  of  the  compound  are  easily  distinguishable, 


THE   CHARACTER.  3 

as  in  ^sva,  IF  kla,  ?T  mna ;  but  there  are  some  in  which  the  elements 
are  so  altered  as  to  be  with  difficulty  recognised.  The  most  com- 
monly met  with  are  the  following : — 

i.    Nasals  preceding  other  consonants  (called  in  Bengali  Anka- 
phala) : 


n  with  ?F  ka  makes  "^  nka. 
n,,'ttga      „      ^  nga. 
n     „    F  cha     ,,      33  ncha. 
n      ,    ^5  da  ^  nda. 


n  with  Q  tha  makes     "  ntha. 


dha     ,,       W  ndha. 


m 


,,    ^  pa 


m    ,          ma 


2.  Sibilants  preceding  other  consonants  (called  Aska-phala): 

^T  s  with  ^t  tha  makes  ^  stha. 
^  sh  ,,  T?  ta  „  €  shta. 
3  sh  „  1  no  ,,  ^  shna. 

3.  Miscellaneous  : 

w  t  with  v  ta    makes  ^5  tta. 
^  t      „     ^5  ta        „      1?  tta. 

\K  /  ^j   tJict,  *M"    i~tli9, 

Jf  rf  ,,  *C  rfAa  ,,  ^   ddha. 

^  k  „  ^5  ta  ,,  ^  kta. 

"G^j  „  <£&na  „  W  jna  (pronounced  gya). 

^g  „  »T  dha  „  «R  gdha. 

~3  b  „  5f  o'Aa  ,,  ^  bdha. 

^  h  „  «T  no  „  "3^  hna. 

^  A  ,,  f  ma  ,,  1f  hma. 

^  /c  „  ^  sha  „  ^  ksha  (pronounced  khya). 

The  letter  *T  ya  when  joined  to  a  previous  consonant  takes  the 
form  J  or  /,  as  W  or  ^/  kya. 

The  letter  <T  ra  when  joined  to  a  following  consonant  takes  the 
form  ',  as  ^<i?  arka,  <?•*!  karmma. 

B  2 


4  BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 

When  joined  to  a  preceding  consonant  it  is  written^,  as  ^T  sra. 
The  following  forms  are  peculiar : 

<3j»  kra,  3f  tra,  ^  ttra,  5f  ntra,  <3f  ndra,  ISf  stra. 

Some  compound  consonants  followed  by  the  vowels  ^  u  and  ^  ii 
take  slightly  altered  forms: 

<5»  bhru,  <£f*  shru,  ^  dru,  Hn  dru,  "3  ntu,  W  stu. 

As  in  Sanskrit,  the  short  vowel  ^T  when  it  follows  a  consonant 
is  not  expressed,  but  is  held  to  be  inherent  in  every  consonant  unless 
its  absence  is  specially  indicated  ;  for  instance,  3?  is  ka,  not  Jc.  When 
the  absence  of  ^Thas  to  be  noted  the  mark  ^(called  in  Bengali  hasanta) 
is  used ;  thus,  ^  fc,  as  shown  in  the  above  list  of  compound  con- 
sonants. ^3  with  hasanta  is  expressed  by  the  character  ^ ,  as  in  ;3lT<?- 
tlbot,  ^T^^Tt?  chomotkar. 

The  sign  *,  called  chandrabindu  (i.e.  moon  and  drop),  indicates 
that  a  nasal  sound  is  to  be  given  to  the  vowel  over  which  it  stands, 
as  "PTTf  chand,  *ffff  panch. 

&  to  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding,  is  called  tshwara  (or 
deity),  and  is  placed  before  the  name  of  a  person  to  indicate  that 
he  is  dead,  as  &  <l|^t><23  'the  late  Ramachandra,'  or  ' Ramachandra 
deceased.' 

The  characters  for  the  numerals  are  these — 

<i^vD8fc^<iVJ»<» 
12      3456789° 

The  leading  feature  in  Indian  arithmetic  being  the  division  by 
four,  the  signs  for  fractions  are  adapted  thereto.  The  rupee  is 
divided  into  4X  4=16  parts,  called  ana,  which  are  thus  designated 
(units  of  all  kinds  are  also  thus  divided) : 

1  ana  or  -fV  ^  5  anas           V  9  anas         "\V  13  anas  V 

2  anas            d  6  anas           V  loanas         IV  14  anas  ^ 

3  anas            &  7  anas           1^  nanas         11^  15  anas  ^ 

4  anas  or  -5-   1°  8  anas  or  •?  YP  12  anas  or  4-  tt° 


PRONUNCIATION.  5 

When  a  word  is  repeated,  as  frequently  happens  in  Bengali,  it 
is  customary  to  write  it  only  once  and  to  put  a  numeral  after  it  to 
show  how  many  times  it  is  to  be  uttered.  Thus  for  C*T  (*T  is  written 
C*T  ^,  for  <Jt^§  <5(^i  is  written  <^§  ^,  for  ^1  §&  ^1  is  written  ^1 0. 
The  word  §|  meaning  '  prosperity '  is  prefixed  to  names  of  persons 
as  a  mark  of  respect,  and  has  in  modern  times  come  to  be  used  with- 
out any  particular  meaning  in  signatures.  Thus  a  man  whose  name 
is  Rama  Chandra  signs  himself  Sri  Rama  Chandra.  In  other  cases  it 
is  repeated  as  much  as  five  times,  written  <1|  &,  before  names  of 
deities,  kings,  and  spiritual  preceptors. 


§  2.    PRONUNCIATION. 

A.    Vowels. 

T  is  pronounced  in  Sanskrit  and  in  nearly  all  the  modern  Indian 
languages  as  a  short  dull  sound  similar  to  the  u  in  English  sun,  but, 
or  to  the  a  in  woman.  In  Bengali,  however,  it  has  a  sound  very 
nearly  the  same  as  the  short  o  in  English  not,  rock,  top.  Thus  ^«<si 
onol,  3?3t»T  kothon.  In  some  words  the  sound  is  softer  and  longer 
than  the  o  of  not,  thus  in  <•<  bon  the  o  is  pronounced  so  that  the 
word  sounds  almost  like  English  bone.  The  exact  pronunciation  of 
such  words  is  very  difficult  to  learn,  and  can  only  be  acquired  by 
listening  to  native  speakers.  For  practical  purposes  the  short  o  of 
not  may  be  generally  adopted. 

As  a  general  rule  the  ^T  is  silent  at  the  end  of  a  word  except  in 
poetry.  Strictly  speaking  this  should  be  indicated  by  using  hasanta, 
but  this  mark  is  never  used  except  in  a  few  Sanskrit  words,  or  in 
marking  some  unusual  pronunciation.  Thus  GH  is  jon,  not  jono; 
so  also  ^tl  kan,  Tt^T  bagh,  *ft^  pith,  TfT?  ghat.  ^  is  also  silent 
at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  as  in  «?crr*fT  kals'l,  *llJ<H  ghatkl. 

It  is  pronounced  very  lightly  at  the  end  of  words  terminating 
in  compound  consonants,  as  ""faf  s'obdo,  ^5  bhodro,  "W?f  bhogno; 


6  BENGALI   GEAMMAK. 

also  in  words  where  anuswara  \  or  visarga  o  precede  a  consonant, 
as  '?'\'*f  bongsho,  "^o^  duhkho.  Such  words  are  pure  Sanskrit,  and 
in  them  the  vowel  partakes  more  of  the  short  a  sound  than  the  o. 

It  is  pronounced  in  adjectives,  as  ^>T«T  bhalo,  C^W  chhoto,  T\5 
boro.  The  final  vowel  in  these  cases  is  all  that  is  left  of  the  Prakrit 
termination  in  long  6. 

So  also  in  some  parts  of  the  verb;  as  in  the  imperative  ^F<T  koro, 
cholo ;  (here  also  it  represents  an  earlier  long  6) ;  the  preterite 
dhorilo,  the  future  <?I<1<  koribo,  the  conditional  <?l<^  korito, 
jaito. 

Also  in  past  participles  borrowed  from  Sanskrit,  as  ^5  krito, 
|^>  dhrito ;  and  as  a  general  rule  in  all  Sanskrit  words  which  have  not 
become  thoroughly  naturalized  in  Bengali. 

^T|  is  a  in  'father.'  When  followed  by  ^  it  is  in  some  very  com- 
mon words  softened  to  &\  e  in  ordinary  colloquial  usage.  Thus  for 
<ft^5  'to  eat,'  *ft^T3  'to  find,'  are  heard  C*HT5  'khete,'  C^fiTS 
'pete.'  In  less  common  words  this  contraction  does  not  take  place, 
thus  for  $tt^3  'to  sing'  one  could  not  say  (tf&5.  The  words  in 
which  this  contraction  occurs  can  only  be  learnt  by  practice. 

^  is  i  in  'pin.' 

"5(  is  I  in  'machine.' 

^  is  u  in  'put.' 

^  is  u  in  'brute,'  'rule.' 

<SN,  which  only  occurs  in  Sanskrit  words,  differs  in  no  way  in 
pronunciation  from  F?  ri. 

"$,  *>>,  and  8  are  not  used. 

^1  is  properly  the  long  a  in  English  'lane,'  mate,'  or  the  ey' 
in  '  they.'  In  a  few  words  of  very  frequent  occurrence  it  has  a  short 
harsh  sound  like  the  a  in  English  'back,'  thus  <$*$,  Clf*t  sound  some- 
thing like  'ack,'  'dackho,'  so  C*teT  sounds  like  'gallo'  when  it  means 
he  went,'  but  like  'gay-lo'  when  it  means  to  swallow.'  This  harsh 
pronunciation  is  only  noticeable  in  a  few  familiar  words  which  must 
be  learnt  by  practice.  In  the  great  majority  of  words  the  long  open 
sound  of  'lane,'  'mate'  is  heard. 


PRONUNCIATION.  7 

^  is  nearly  the  English  oy  in  'boy,'  'oyster,'  but  a  little  fuller 
and  deeper.  Thus  '^N?  is  oikyo. 

^  is  the  long  o  in  'lone,'  'note.' 

^  is  ow  in  'how.'  It  is  generally  transliterated  by  an,  as  in 
German  'haus1.' 

^Ts  is  the  Sanskrit  anuswara.  Whatever  may  have  been  its  sound 
in  that  language  (a  question  much  debated),  in  Bengali  it  is  always 
and  unmistakeably  a  strong  ng,  as  ^rs"*t  ongso,  ^^S<l1  \  sutrang. 

^8  is  the  Sanskrit  visarga,  and  is  only  found  in  Sanskrit  words. 
It  is  pronounced  by  the  Bengalis  as  a  short  sharp  aspiration,  the 
vowel  preceding  it  being  uttered  with  an  effort.  It  must  be  heard 
to  be  understood. 

B.     Consonants. 

Only  a  few  of  the  consonants  require  notice.  The  rest  are  pro- 
nounced precisely  as  in  the  other  Indian  languages,  and  are  sufficiently 
explained  by  the  English  characters  given  against  each. 

•$,  the  nasal  of  the  guttural  class,  is  in  modern  Bengali  only  used 
in  composition  with  other  gutturals,  but  down  to  the  close  of  the 
last  century  it  is  occasionally  found  alone  in  poetry.  In  composition 
it  does  not  differ  in  sound  from  \  anuswara. 

*33,  the  nasal  of  the  palatal  class,  like  "5,  should  properly  be  used 
only  in  conjunction  with  other  palatals.  It  is,  however,  found  alone 
in  the  same  way,  and  down  to  the  same  date,  as  ^S. 

"^  in  Eastern  Bengal  is  often  sounded  like  s,  thus  6^*i  'six' 
sounds  like  soy,'  *(l8>  a  fish,'  like  'maso.'  So  deeply  rooted  is 
this  pronunciation  in  the  popular  mind  in  those  parts  that  words 
which  should  be  spelt  with  a  T  are  erroneously  written  with  ^ 
(especially  foreign  words),  thus  ^S^I^cH  for  '  Musulman.'  This  pro- 
nunciation, however,  is  condemned  by  correct  speakers,  and  is  not 
heard  in  other  parts  of  the  country. 

1  Many  of  these  sounds  might  be  better  explained  by  reference  to  French, 
Italian,  and  German  words,  but  it  has  been  thought  advisable  to  confine 
the  illustrations  to  English  as  far  as  possible. 


8  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

^5  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  the  usual  cerebral  d,  a  sound 
closely  resembling  the  English  d,  but  a  little  harsher.  Native  writers 
use  it  to  represent  the  English  d,  thus  '  deputy '  is  written  O^^JtW. 
The  English  t  is  also  represented  by  the  cerebral  w,  .as  is  shown  in 
the  above  instance.  In  Bengali  words  it  is  d  at  the  beginning  of 
a  word,  as  ^feT  dal.  It  has  this  sound  also  when  compounded  with 
other  letters,  as  ^3t^T  chandal,  the  name  of  a  low  caste.  When 
standing  alone  in  the  middle  of  a  word  it  has  the  sound  of  a  harsh 
cerebral  r,  a  sound  which  must  be  heard  to  be  understood,  as  ^5 
boro.  When  it  has  this  sound  a  dot  or  small  circle  is  placed  be- 
neath the  letter.  When  the  nasal  which  forms  the  first  element  in 
a  compound  is  written  (as  is  often  the  case),  as  anuswara,  the  1»  is 
pronounced  as  r  and  has  a  dot  under  it,  thus  side  by  side  with  the  San- 
skrit form  ^^T^T  there  is  also  the  form  l>j^i«l,  pronounced  chanral. 

T>  is  like  "*&  aspirated;  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  in  a  com- 
pound it  sounds  dh,  as  FfcT  dhal,  WlTU  dardhyo.  In  the  middle  of 
a  word  and  not  compounded  it  sounds  as  a  harsh  rh,  as  *Tfib  strhe. 
In  this  case  it  also  has  a  dot  under  it. 

*T  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  sounds  as  j,  thus  ^l^G^a  jaite, 
^Tf*f  jan ;  so  also  in  Sanskrit  words  with  a  preposition,  or  other  prefix, 
as  l^K^S*  ni-jukto,  ^C^l^T  a-jogyo.  In  the  middle  of  a  word  it  is 
y,  as  <?I<l^l1  koriya,  but  when  doubled  the  first  sounds  as  j,  the 
second  as  y,  thus  WfW  nyajyo,  ^1"9T  karjyo.  In  the  latter  example 
the  *T  is  doubled,  according  to  the  Sanskrit  rule,  because  preceded 
by  r.  When  it  sounds  as  y  it  has  a  dot  under  it. 

When  ^  is  followed  in  the  same  word  by  ^Tl,  a  "?T  is  inserted, 
which  though  not  pronounced  has  the  effect  of  giving  to  the  o  a 
sound  nearly  the  same  as  the  English  w.  Thus  <Ttx3'3l  sounds  kha- 
wa,  ^?TT|  ho-wa.  This  compound  character  ^^  is  also  used  to 
express  the  j  (v,  w)  of  Persian  and  Arabic  words,  as  ^"^TTnTeT 
wasil,  ;5cT'-STrf<r,jJ^J  talwar;  and  the  w  in  English  words,  as 
'  ward,'  ^1*1  «1  'will,'  CH^I^^T '  railway.'  Many  Bengalis  find  a  great 
difficulty  in  pronouncing  w,  and  some  never  succeed  in  pronouncing 
it  at  all. 


PRONUNCIATION.  9 

^  representing  6  (Sanskrit  ^"),  and  ^  representing  v  (Sanskrit  ^) 
are  not  distinguished  in  Bengali.  It  takes  a  Bengali  boy  many 
years  of  training  before  he  can  pronounce  the  English  v,  and  many 
never  attain  to  it.  Both  as  initial  and  medial  ^  is  in  Bengali 
always  b,  thus  Sanskrit  «fl!|  varna  is  in  Bengali  ^*i  borno;  Sanskrit 
^^T  bala  is  <<*!  bol.  Some  Bengali  writers  have  conceived  the 
erroneous  idea  that  the  European  c  corresponds  to  their  ^  bh,  thus 
they  transliterate  T^l  sobha,  '  an  assembly,'  as  shova,  which  is 
absurd. 

*f  and  ^T  are  both  pronounced  sh  (as  in  shova '  above).  The 
same  takes  place  with  the  Arabic  letters  ^  and  ^jo,  thus  _x-i^I, 
'  an  office '  is  pronounced  not  Sarrishta,  as  it  should  be,  but  Sher- 
ista,  exactly  reversing  the  correct  sound  of  the  two  Arabic  sibilants. 
So  also  i^ ^>.Lo  sahib, 'a  gentleman/  is  very  commonly  pronounced 
Shaheb. 

It  is  also  necessary  to  notice  some  peculiarities  in  the  pronun- 
ciation of  compound  consonants. 

^»,  i.e.  ^  +  *T,  is  not  pronounced  ksh  as  it  should  be  (except  by 
some  very  accurate  speakers  in  Sanskrit  words),  but  khy,  thus  '"Pl^S 
not  kshati,  but  khyati  (or  rather  khgti,  as  to  which  see  below  under 
*0.  When  not  initial,  and  when  compounded  with  another  con- 
sonant it  sounds  as  kkh,  thus  «nSft  not  Lakshml,  but  LakkhT. 
*T*Ft  pokkhi,  t^  chokkhu. 

'Sa,  i. e.  W  +  <33,  is  pronounced  gy,  as  ^l^s]  agya,  or,  with  a 
slightly  nasal  sound,  as  angya. 

1  when  the  last  member  of  a  compound  of  which  *T  is  the  first 
takes  the  sound  of  T?,  as  f>*$  sounds  Krishto,  l<.te  Bishtu. 

*—  Ws. 

^  when  the  last  member  of  a  compound  is  not  pronounced,  but 
the  first  member  is  pronounced  with  emphasis  as  though  doubled 
and  with  a  slight  nasal  twang ;  thus  '^T?<1  not  smoron,  but 
shsh  oron  (the  little  m  above  the  line  is  meant  to  mark  the 
nasal  sound),  ^f^T  not  podmo,  but  poddmo.  This  sound  must  be 
heard  to  be  understood. 

^T  when  the  last  member  of  a  compound  is  pronounced  very 


10  BENGALI   GRAMMAK. 

- 

faintly  as  y,  and  in  some  cases  has  the  effect  of  doubling  the 
first  member,  thus  C^rf^TxSl  sounds  like  jog-gyata,  TftjT  like  bak- 
kya. 

When  ^T  is  compounded  with  "^  in  the  Sanskrit  preposition  fa, 
which  before  a  vowel  becomes  ~3J,  it  sounds  in  ordinary  conversation 
like  bS  or  bT  with  a  very  short  obscure  e  or  i  sound,  thus  «<^1<1 
sounds  beb'har,  »F«»  bikti,  "3T^5  bftit. 

^[  when  the  last  member  of  a  compound  is  silent,  but  doubles 
the  preceding  member;  as  <aT<Ti  ddara,  ^*vf^  Ishshor.  This  does 
not,  however,  take  place  in  those  Sanskrit  words  which  have  not 
been  completely  naturalized.  The  same  may  be  said  of  T  and  ^T, 
which  in  purely  Sanskrit  words  would  be  pronounced  in  the  San- 
skrit manner.  Thus  *ft»T,  when  it  means  the  great  eastern  branch 
of  the  Ganges,  is  pronounced  poddo  with  a  slightly  nasal  tone 
floating  about  it;  but  when  it  means  'a  lotus'  it  would  be  pro- 
nounced podmo  or  more  correctly  padma. 

After  <T  and  T,  as  in  ^(.^,  I^sd  (two  very  common  words), 
^  is  heard ;  thus  purbbe,  kimba. 


APPENDIX   TO   CHAPTER   I. 

i.   Sandhi  or  Euphonic  Permutation  of  Letters. 

The  euphonic  changes  known  as  Sandhi  or  junction  belong  strictly  to 
Sanskrit  grammar,  and  are  not  in  any  way  observed  in  Bengali  or  in  any 
other  modern  Indian  language.  In  recent  times,  however,  the  scanty 
peasant  dialect  of  Bengal  has  been  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  literary  lan- 
guage by  the  resuscitation  on  a  very  extensive  scale  of  Sanskrit  words,  and, 
as  among  the  words  thus  imported  into  the  language  there  are  many  com- 
pound words  in  the  formation  of  which  the  rules  of  Sandhi  have  been 
followed,  some  knowledge  of  these  rules  is  almost  indispensable  to  a  proper 
comprehension  of  Bengali  works.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  Sandhi  is  only 
of  use  to  a  student  of  Bengali  in  so  far  as  it  affects  the  structure  of  com- 


APPENDIX   TO   CHAPTER  I.  11 

pound  words,  the  following  slight  sketch  will  be  confined  to  that  branch  of 
the  subject. 

I.  THE  SANDHI  OP  VOWELS.  When  a  word  ending  in  a  vowel  is  followed 
by  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  and  the  two  words  are  compounded  into 
one,  the  two  vowels  which  thus  come  into  contact  are  blended  into  one 
according  to  the  following  system. 

Vowels  are  divided  into  simple,  Guna,  and  Vriddhi. 
The  simple  vowels  are — short  a,  i,  u. 

long   a,  i,  u.      Each  long  vowel  is  regarded  as 
consisting  of  two  short  ones  ;  thus  a  +  a  =  a,  i  +  i  =  I,  u  +  u  =  u. 

The  Guna  vowels  are  created  by  prefixing  a  to  i  and  u ;  this  is  called 
the  first  raising ;  thus          a  +  i  =  e ;       a  +  u  =  o. 
a  +  I  =  e;       a  +  u  =  o. 

The  Vriddhi  vowels  are  made  by  prefixing  yet  another  a ;  this  is  the 
second  raising ;  thus  a  +  a  +  i  =  ai ;  a  +  a  +  u=  au. 

The  vowel  a  itself  has  no  first  raising,  as  a  +  a  would  be  only  a,  but  a 
is  considered  by  grammarians  as  the  second  raising  of  a. 

When  two  simple  vowels  meet,  they  blend  into  their  corresponding  long 
vowel,  thus 

a  +  a  =  a ;  as  mura  ari  =  murari,  a  name  of  Krishna. 
a  +  a  =  a ;  as  kshudha  artta  =  kshudhartta,  suffering  from  hunger. 
a  +  a  =  a ;  as  rama  agamana  =  rainagainana,  the  coming  of  Rama. 
a  +  a  =  a ;  as  vartta  avagata  =  varttavagata,  informed  of  the  matter. 
So  also  with  i  and  u,  of  each  of  which  only  two  examples  need  be  given, 
i  + 1  =  I ;  as  gin  Ida  =  giri8"a,  mountain  lord. 
1+1  =  1;  as  mahi  isa  =  mahi^a,  lord  of  the  earth. 
u  +  u  =  u;  as  bhanu  udaya  =  bhanudaya,  sunrise. 
u  +  u  =  u ;  as  bhu  uttama  =  bhuttama,  the  best  land. 
When  a  or  a  are  followed  by  any  other  simple  vowel,  they  blend  into 
the  corresponding  Guna  vowel,  thus 

a  +  I  =  e ;  as  parama  isvara  =  paramesVara,  the  supreme  Lord. 
a  +  u  =  o ;  as  dama  udara  =  damodara,  a  name  of  Krishna  ('  rope- 
belly,'  from  a  legend). 

If  followed  by  a  Guna  or  Vriddhi  vowel  a  and  a  blend  with  it  into  the 
corresponding  Vriddhi  vowel,  thus 

a  +  e  =  ai ;  as  brahma  eka  =  brahmaika,  the  sole  .Brahm. 
a  +  o  =  au ;  as  krishna  ojas  =  krishnaujas,  the  vigour  of  Krishna. 
If  a  simple  vowel,  except  a  and  a,  is  followed  by  a  dissimilar  vowel  it  is 
hardened  into  its  corresponding  semivowel,  viz.  i  to  y,  and  u  to  v,  thus 
i  +  a  =  ya ;  as  ati  anta  =  atyanta,  excessive. 
u  +  a  =  va ;  as  badhu  anana  =  badhvanana,  womin-faced. 


12  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

Lastly,  if  e  and  o  are  followed  by  any  vowel  except  a  they  change  to  ay 
and  av  respectively,  thus 

e  +  i  =  ayi ;  as  sakhe  iha  =  sakhayiha,  friend,  here  ! 

o  +  u  =  avu ;  as  sambho  uttama  =  sambhavuttama,  O  Sambhu,  best ! 
Similarly  ai  and  au  are  changed  to  ay  and  av  respectively. 

II.  THE  SANDHI  OF  CONSONANTS.  Consonants  are  divided :  (i)  accord- 
ing to  the  organs  of  speech  by  which  they  are  uttered,  as  gutturals,  palatals, 
etc. ;  (2)  according  to  their  quality,  as  surds,  sonants,  etc.  In  the  alphabet 
given  on  page  2,  the  first  two  columns  of  consonants  are  surds,  unaspirated 
and  aspirated ;  the  next  two  columns  are  sonants,  unaspirated  and  aspirated. 
The  sibilants  are  surds,  the  vowels,  semivowels,  and  h  are  sonants.  In  the 
Sandhi  of  consonants,  changes  of  two  kinds  take  place:  (i)  change  of  organ ; 
(2)  change  of  quality. 

Change  of  organ  takes  place  only  in  the  case  of  dentals  at  the  end  of  a 
word  followed  by  a  word  beginning  with  a  palatal  or  cerebral.   The  dentals 
are  assimilated  to  the  following  palatal  or  cerebral,  thus 
t  +  ch  =  chch  ;  tat  cha  =  tachcha,  and  that. 
t  +  j     =  jj ;        tat  jayate  =  tajjayate,  that  is  born. 
t  + 1     =  tt ;       tat  tika  =  tattika,  a  commentary  on  that. 
Change  of  quality  affects  all  consonants.     When  a  word  ending  in  a  surd 
is  followed  by  a  word  beginning  with  a  sonant,  the  surd  is  assimilated  to 
the  sonant,  thus 

k  +  g  =  gg ;  dik  gaja  =  diggaja,  an  elephant  which  supports  one  corner 

of  the  earth. 

k  + 1  =  gi ;   vak  Isvara  =  vagWvara,  lord  of  speech. 
p  +  d  =  bd;  ap  da  =  abda,  a  cloud  (water-giver). 
t  +  v  =  dv  ;  tat  vishaya  =  tadvishaya,  that  affair. 

When  the  second  word  begins  with  a  nasal,  the  final  surd  is  changed  into 
the  nasal  of  its  own  organ,  thus 

k  +  m  =  ngm ;  vak  maya  =  vangmaya,  wordy. 
t  +  n  =  nn ;      jagat  natha  =  jagannatha,  lord  of  the  world. 
There  are  many  other  changes  of  consonants  under  the  operation  of 
euphonic  laws  in  Sanskrit,  but  the  above  are  the  only  ones  that  have  any 
practical  importance  for  the  student  of  Bengali. 

2.    Samasa  or  Composition. 

The  practice  of  compounding  words  is  extremely  common  in  Sanskrit, 
and  as  large  quantities  of  such  compound  words  have  been  introduced  into 
Bengali,  it  is  necessary  to  give  a  slight  sketch  of  the  general  rules  of  com- 


APPENDIX  TO  CHAPTEE   I.  13 

position.     The  form  of  the  compound  word  is  determined  by  Sandhi,  its 
meaning  and  the  order  of  its  constituent  elements  by  Samasa. 

Native  grammarians  distinguish  the  following  six  kinds  of  compounds : — 

1.  DVANDVA.     Two  or  more  words  are  combined  into  one  word,  and  the 
signs  of  the  cases  of  the  plural  are  appended,  thus 

Nominative  :  atmiya-bandhn-ra,  relations  and  friends. 

Genitive:        jnat^-kutumbS-der,  of  caste  and  family. 

Accusative  :    mata-pita-digke,  mother  and  father. 
Such  a  compound  may  be  also  used  in  the  singular,  as  jriati  kutumbo. 

When  one  of  the  elements  of  the  compound  is  omitted  or  understood,  the 
word  is  considered  a  dvandva,  as  in  Durjodhanera,  the  Durjodhans,  i.e. 
Durjodhan  and  his  followers. 

2.  KAKMADHARAYA.    An  adjective  and  a  substantive  combine  together 
into  one  word,  thus 

nila  +  utpala  =  nilotpala,  a  blue  lotus. 

sat  +  chit  +  ananda  =  sachchidananda,  Brahma  (existence,  thought,  and 

j°y)- 

3.  DVIGU.     A  numeral  and  a  substantive  combine  into  one  word.     The 
principle  of  the  dvigu  compound  has  been  extended  to  words  other  than 
pure  Sanskrit,  such  as  Persian  and  modern  Bengali,  thus 

chari  +  rasta  =  chaurasta,  a  place  where  four  roads  meet. 
tri  +  m6h5na  =  temohona,  a  place  where  three  rivers  meet2. 
Pure  Sanskrit  is 

tri  +  bhuvana  =  tribhuvana,  the  three  worlds  (heaven,  earth,  and  keif). 

4.  TATPURUSHA.     Two  substantives  are  combined  together,  the  former 
being  governed  by  the  latter.     This  is  the  commonest  form  of  compound, 
and  is  very  frequent  in  other  Aryan  languages.     The  former  element  of 
the  compound  may  stand  for  any  case  of  the  noun ;  thus  in  English  land- 
lord is  lord  of  land,  steam  engine  is  engine  worked  by  steam,  and  so  on ;  thus 

Genitive:          raja-purusha  =  king's  man. 

Instrumental :  hasta-krita  =  made  by  hand. 

Dative :  brahmana-datavya  =  an  offering  to  Brahmans. 

Ablative:          pada-chyuta  =  fallen  from  rank. 

,,  sagarotthita  =  raised  from  the  sea. 

Locative :          grama-sthita  =  situated  in  a  village. 
Numerous  tatpurusha  compounds  have  been  made  and  are  daily  made 

1  Pronounced  gyati. 

a  These  two  words  and  several  others  of  the  same  kind  are  probably 
borrowed  from  Hindustani. 


14  BENGALI   GEAMMAR. 

from  modern  and  even  from  foreign  words.  The  Bengali  language  allows 
itself,  in  this  respect,  as  much  freedom  as  English.  Examples  are  kamar- 
dokan,  a  'blacksmith'1  s  shop  ;  musalman-pSra,  a  hamlet  inhabited  by  Musul- 
mans;  biya-pagala,  mad  upon  marriage;  faringhi-tola,  the  European 
quarter. 

5.  AVYAYIBHAVA.     An  indeclinable  particle  is  combined  with  a  substan- 
tive, thus  prati-din,  daily ;  yatha-sakti,  according  to  (ones) power.     It  is 
not  much  used  in  Bengali. 

6.  BAHUVRIHI.     Two  or  more  words  are  compounded,  the  last  member 
taking  an  adjectival  or  participial  sense,  such  as  in  English  '  broad-bosomed,' 
'  deep-bowered.'     Compounds  of  this  class  are  formed  both  from  Sanskrit 
and  from  modern  Bengali  words ;  thus  padina-lochana,  lotus-eyed ;  maha- 
matij  having  great  wisdom  ;  chandra-badana,  moon-faced. 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE  NOUN. 

§  3.     THE    SUBSTANTIVE. 

THE  substantive  has  two  numbers,  singular  and  plural ;  but, 
as  in  the  other  languages  of  the  group,  there  is  much  laxity  in 
the  use  of  the  two  numbers,  the  forms  of  the  singular,  especially 
in  the  nominative  case,  being  often  used  for  the  plural,  leaving 
the  sense  to  be  inferred  from  the  context. 

The  grammarians,  following  the  example  of  Sanskrit,  have 
established  eight  cases,  distinguished  by  different  terminations. 
Of  these,  some  are  worn-down  relics  of  the  old  inflectional  case- 
endings  of  Prakrit,  while  others  are  what  in  European  languages 
would  be  called  prepositions.  As,  however,  in  the  Indian  languages 
they  are  placed  after,  instead  of  before  the  noun,  they  may  be 
more  appropriately  termed  postpositions.  The  number  of  these 
postpositions,  that  is,  of  words  which  may  be  used  in  that  sense, 
being  very  large,  the  number  of  cases  might  be  indefinitely  mul- 
tiplied by  considering  each  postposition  as  forming  a  separate  case. 
For  the  sake  of  simplicity,  however,  it  will  be  better  to  adhere  to 
the  old  established  number  of  eight  cases,  and  to  explain  the  force 
and  application  of  the  various  postpositions  separately. 

There  is  only  one  declension,  the  same  terminations  being  used 
for  all  nouns.  The  slight  modifications  which  occur  in  some  cases 
of  nouns  ending  in  a  vowel1  are  merely  matters  of  euphony,  and 

1  Nouns  ending  in  short  a  (5)  are  considered  as  ending  in  a  consonant, 
because  the  final  vowel  is  not  pronounced. 


16  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

do  not  amount  to  separate  declensions.  The  terminations,  which, 
except  in  the  nominative,  are  the  same  for  both  numbers,  are  the 
following:  — 

Singular.  Plural. 

Nominative  <4<T|,  ?1 

Accusative  C^ 

Dative  C^,  C? 

Instrumental 

Ablative 

Genitive 

Locative 

Vocative 


In  nouns  ending  with  a  vowel,  the  initial  ^  of  the  termina- 
tions of  the  instrumental,  genitive,  and  locative  singulars  is  elided, 
thus  pita,  'father,'  gen.  pita-r;  guru,  teacher,'  gen.  guru-r;  stii, 
'  woman,'  gen.  strl-r.  So  also  the  nom.  plur.,  as  pita-ra,  guru-ra, 
stri-ra. 

Although  the  terminations  given  above  are  the  regular,  normal 
forms,  yet  they  cannot  be  used  indiscriminately.  Some,  in  fact, 
are  in  the  present  day  hardly  used  at  all,  and  others  only  under 
certain  restrictions.  The  question  of  the  proper  terminations  to  be 
used  in  each  instance  is  one  of  the  special  refinements  of  this 
language,  and  requires  careful  study. 

Two  considerations  must  always  be  borne  in  mind:  — 

First;  that  all  nouns  in  the  language  are  for  purposes  of  de- 
clension divided  into  three  classes,  denoting  respectively 

1.  Human  beings  (vyakti-vachak). 

2.  Living  beings  other  than  human  (anyapram-vachak). 

3.  Inanimate  objects  (apram-vachak). 

Second  ;  that  some  forms  and  terminations  are  appropriate  to 
the  literary  or  classical  style,  others  to  the  colloquial  or  vulgar 


THE  SUBSTANTIVE.  17 

style.  In  respect  of  this  second  point  there  are  many  gradations 
which  can  only  be  learnt  by  practice.  Some  terminations  are  very 
high  flown,  and  only  used  by  the  most  Sanskritizing  class  of 
writers  ;  others,  though  used  in  ordinary  literature,  are  held  to  be 
too  formal  for  conversation  even  among  educated  persons  ;  a  third 
class  again,  though  not  used  in  writing,  may  be  employed  in  polite 
society  ;  while  a  fourth  class  (comprising  generally  the  older  and 
more  genuine  forms)  is  now  considered  vulgar  and  confined  to  the 
speech  of  the  lower  orders.  For  convenience  of  classification  these 
gradations  will  be  described  as  High,  Literary,  Colloquial,  and 
Vulgar  respectively. 

i.  In  the  accusative  and  dative  the  termination  (^  is  used 
always  for  human  beings,  it  is  frequently  omitted  in  the  case  of 
other  living  beings,  and  always  omitted  in  that  of  inanimate  objects. 
Thus  the  accusative  and  dative  of  *t-3jH  'a  son'  is  *t~35Hc<?;  of 
«^4  'a  dog'  it  is  either  4-^<l<.«?  or  ^f>"4;  of  5tT?F  'a  tree'  it  is 
always  $t1^. 

ii.  In  the  dative  ($  is  archaic  and  poetical  only.  With  in- 
animate objects  the  dative  takes  the  terminations  <£\  and  <3T5  of 
the  locative. 

iii.  In  the  instrumental  <$F5  is  literary  and  somewhat  archaic.-' 
C$  can  be  used  only  with  inanimate  objects  ;  as 

3Ttu    Cut  it  with  a  knife. 

^T»T  ^*f^t?  3?   »Ti   The  medicine  does   no  good 
(literally,  by  means  of  the  medicine  any  help  is  not). 

fofr  Wffsire  ^t5   <J?ifc*il  (<pfq<l|Ge>»<  He  cut  off  the  hand 

with  (i.e.  by  means  of)  an  axe. 

But  far  more  commonly,   both  in  literature   and  conversation,  < 
the  instrumental  is  expressed  by  adding  to  the  stem  certain  words 
indicative  of  agency  or  instrumentality.     These  are  ^t?T|,    if  *11, 
and 


(a)   Wt?f1   (from  Sansk.  sfT?^  'a  door')   is  both  literary  and 
c 


18  BENGALI   GKAMMAE. 

colloquial,   and   may  be   used   both   with   animate  and  inanimate 
objects ;    as 

<i?r<lC\DGe?    He  works  with  (his)  hands. 

He  walks  with  (his)  feet. 
<?fsf   «?<l1  s^G^SG^   The  work  is  done  by  the 
pupils. 

(b)  PF*T|  (participle  of  the  verb  W\  'to  give')  is  colloquial,  and 
is  used  with  animate  and  inanimate  objects ;   as 

3Ft§F  <J?sU°o«<  He  does  the  work  by  means  of 
people  (i.e.  labourers  etc.)1 

ff?  fWl  3FcW  <Hfcc"<4<:SH    He  cuts  the  pen  with  a  knife. 

(c)  ^53?  (from  Sansk.  e|pr|  'a  doer,'  with  affix  ^}),  high  and 
literary ;  only  used  with  human  beings  and  after  learned  words  in 
their  Sanskrit  form ;   as  ST^SJ  ^f  ^  *t$  frf^S  ^T  The  house  is 
constructed  by  man. 

(d)  ^^TCF  (from  Sansk.  eft^m  'an  instrument,'  with  affix  ej), 
high  and  literary,  used  in  a  similar  way  to  the  preceding,  but  with 
inanimate  objects  only;  as  3F^t<[  ^?<l^  ?^  <TW  f^T  ^?1  «TT^ 
A  large  tree  is  (usually)  cut  down  with  an  axe. 

In  both  these  two  last  instances,  the  sentences  are  composed 
mainly  of  Sanskrit  words  which  it  would  be  pedantic  to  use  in 
ordinary  conversation. 

iv.  In  the  ablative  3^G^»  is  both  literary  and  colloquial.  Col- 
loquially, however,  and  with  inanimate  objects  C^tG"3?  is  more 
commonly  employed. 

v.  The  locative  in  <^5  is  high  and  literary,  and  used  with 
honorific  or  respectful  appellations.  The  colloquial  form  is  <^), 


1  This  sentence  contains  the  vulgar  or  colloquial  form  of  the  present  tense. 
Such  colloquial  forms  will  be  used  in  the  examples  given  in  this  book  to 
accustom  the  student  to  what  he  will  hear  constantly.  The  correct  form  in 
this  case  would  be  k&rditechken. 


THE  SUBSTANTIVE.  19 


which  after  words  ending  in  a  is  written  "*T,  as    *tet*(.     The  form 
f5  is  used  after  words  ending  in  other  vowels,  as  VSW&5. 

vi.  The  vocative  is  not,  strictly  speaking,  a  case,  and  in  fact 
it  is  excluded  from  the  list  of  cases  by  Sanskrit  grammarians.  It 
is  identical  in  form  with  the  nominative,  and  is  distinguished  by 
certain  prefixes.  When  they  can  be  used  alone  these  prefixes  are 
more  correctly  regarded  as  interjections,  and  will  be  treated  of 
under  that  head.  But  there  are  some  which  can  only  be  used 
with  a  noun,  and  these  may  properly  be  considered  as  prefixes  of 
the  vocative  case.  There  are  certain  peculiarities  in  their  usage 
which  it  is  important  to  keep  in  mind.  They  are  as  follows  :  — 

(a)  C^l  (Sansk.),  high  and  literary,  applied  to  men  only  ;  as 
0»1  ?1"SF»T  STTC^StStT^  ^?  O  king,  arise  !  (literally,  make  a  raising 
of  (thy)  limbs.) 

C«1  f»1  or  C®1  ^,  high,  literary,  and  poetical,  used  with 
plural  nouns  for  both  animate  and  inanimate  objects  ;  as 

Ho  Brahmans  ! 
Ho  ye  trees  ! 

(6)  CR  (Sansk.),  both  literary  and  colloquial;  as  CR  **fr  ^ 
O  lady,  hear  the  tale  !      Colloquially  almost  as  an  interjection 

and  somewhat  vulgar;    as  C^I^U*!  *lf°o  C^  where  are  you  going? 

eh!     Here  (^  may  be  supposed  to  have  a  noun  understood  after 

it,  as  in  C^  fTf5^  a  contemptuous  way  of  addressing  any  one,  '  Ho, 

you  fellow  !  ' 

(e)  ^t%  mostly  used  in  questioning.    It  is  used  in  good  col- 

loquial style  ;  as 

C5tW\A  ^TTST  f%  ^f|   Ho  you  !   what  is  your  name  ? 
"2]*<  <^  ^6  "5    Oh  you  !  you  are  very  mischievous. 

(d)  ^  is  colloquial  and  used  in  addressing  inferiors,  it  is  never 
used  with  inanimate  objects  ;  as 

^  C*JC*l  ItfsT  f%  «?<IF   Ho  woman!  what  are  you  doing? 

Ho  boy,  what  will  you  eat  ? 
C  3 


20  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 


(e)  ^E$f|  is  a  very  colloqiiial  and  familiar  expression,  mostly 
with  a  note  of  kindliness  or  affection.  It  is  the  common  expres- 
sion between  husbands  and  wives.  When  used  in  questioning, 
the  meaningless  particle  5f|  is  added  to  the  sentence  ;  as  ^Ztf\  "ffsT 
(3?  $f|  Hulloh  you  !  who  are  you  ? 

(/)  ^C^  (Sansk.),  literary  and  poetical,  not  much  used  col- 
loquially. The  form  ^1  C?  however  is  common,  indicating  surprise 
and  contempt,  and  is  used  by  superiors  to  inferiors  ;  as  ?1  (3 
^TcRl  ^  5Tft£  *TT*T  *^  Hulloh  Kalua,  aren't  you  going  to  the 
field?  (This  is  very  vulgar  style.) 

(9}  C*fl  and  ^£«r|  are  used  in  addressing  women;  as 

(cT|  What  are  you  going  to  do,  my  good  woman  ? 
t^dlT  *rt*T  Ho  woman,  where  are  you  going  ? 

vii.  The  nominative  plural  forms  <3<T|  and  <fl  are  archaic,  high, 
and  used  with  honorific  terms;  they  are  rare  colloquially,  and 
can  only  be  applied  to  human  beings. 

viii.  Very  often  the  nom.  plur.  is  expressed  by  the  singular, 
leaving  the  meaning  to  be  guessed  from  the  context,  as  in  Hindu- 
stani; this  is  specially  the  case  with  inanimate  objects. 

Ordinarily  the  plural  is  indicated  by  the  addition  of  certain 
words  denoting  number,  mass,  quantity,  and  the  like.  The  most 
usual  are  these  :  — 

(a)  flf^f  (from  Sansk.  f^^'a  quarter  of  the  compass,  region, 
direction,'  but  in  Bengali  strangely  'a  mass,  quantity'),  colloquial, 
and   used   in   light   literature,  with  living  beings  only.     Even  in 
those  words  which  form  the  nom.  plur.  with  <$<T|  or  <T|  the  oblique 
cases  are  formed  by  fTf*f,  thus  '<lt§ft3l  '  kings,'  gen.  ?l«ifirG*f?. 
It  is  never  used  in  the  nominative.     In  the  genitive  the  full  form 
fa£*f£  is  often  contracted  to  Of?. 

(b)  *!<?«!  (Sansk.  ^Jefirjf  'all  '),  colloquial  and  literary,  but  not 
u<ed  by  the  best  writers.     Applied  to  both  animate  and  inanimate 
objects,  and  in  very  common  use.     Care  must  be  taken  to  distuir 


THE  SUBSTANTIVE.  21 

guish  between  its  employment  as  an  adjective,  in  which  case  it 
precedes  the  noun,  as  >1^ei  <1«1<?  'all  the  boys;'  and  as  a  plural 
suffix,  when  it  follows  the  noun,  as  <1«1<?  *l<?ci  'the  boys.' 

(e)  *t*l  (Sansk.  ^H!F  'a  number,  assembly,'  etc.),  colloquial, 
used  only  with  human  beings  ;  as  v^Tfffl^tl  '  Brahmans,'  ^Jei^^tt 
'children.' 

(d)  ^*T  (Sansk.  ^Ij  'class,  group'),  literary,  used  with  human 
beings  ;    as   ^"f3R*f    '  scholars,'    ^T^^    '  families,'    •TCTSRSf 
'reverend  men.' 

(e)  »l^*f$  (Sansk.  *l*J<^*l  'heap,  collection'),  literary,  with 
inanimate  objects;  as  ^^OK-Jl^if  *l  'books,'  <l^»<»1^if*l  'jewels.' 

(/)  *t^R  (Sansk.  tl*je  'heap,  quantity'),  literary,  with  ani- 
mate and  inanimate  objects  ;  as  3?  "1*12^  people,'  Ofl^*t^^  'things.' 
Strictly  speaking  this  affix  and  the  others  which  are  pure  Sanskrit 
should  only  be  used  with  words  in  their  Sanskrit  form  ;  thus 
'  blacksmiths  '  is  inelegant,  the  Sanskrit  form  <?«i<?f<l- 


should  be  used. 
(<7)  ^«T  also  ^fa  and  ^f^R  (probably  Sansk.  3jfa<*|  'a  ball'), 
colloquial,  used  for  both  animate  and  inanimate  things,  and  being 
a  popular  word  is  only  used  with  ordinary  Bengali  nouns,  and 
such  Sanskrit  words  as  have  become  popular,  not  with  high-flown 
Sanskrit  words,  as  (OGci^^f  'the  schoolboys,'  C^G^t^cT  'the  women- 
folk,' 3F^<P$cf  'dogs.'  Vulgar  are  such  phrases  as  STfd^cT  'fields, 
lands,'  Ttl^^T  'fishes.'  ^KT  is  rather  more  polite  than  ^«T,  and 
tSl'sH  is  familiar  and  affectionate  ;  as  C&Gei^fa^  '  nice  little  boys.' 
(A)  ^R  (probably  from  Sansk.  *Jlf  'all,'  through  Hindi  ^R), 
colloquial,  with  animals  and  inanimate  things;  as  ^flf*l*K  'birds,' 
l?f<i?1*t<  'rupees.' 

In  the  words  C^ltc^  'people,'  ^G^G^  'some  people,'  *1<i?G<tf  'all, 
everybody,'  we  have  probably  a  survival  of  the  old  Magadhi  Pra- 
krit nominative  in  e.  This  termination  as  a  nominative  plural  occurs 
only  in  these  three  words. 

To  complete  the  peculiarites  of  this  language  in  respect  of 
nouns,  it  is  necessary  to  give  here  certain  curious  little  syllables 


22  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

and  words  universally  employed  after  nouns,  both  singular  and 
plural,  to  effect  modifications  of  meaning.  Though  almost  exclu- 
sively colloquial,  only  one  or  two  being  admitted  into  the  literary 
style,  they  form  so  striking  a  feature  of  a  Bengali  sentence  and 
add  so  much  to  the  expressiveness  and  flexibility  of  the  language 
as  to  deserve  particular  mention  :  — 

(«)  T?1,  added  to  nouns,  expresses  contempt,  dislike,  worthless- 
ness  ;  as 

PSHU'SI   (or  r&t»T}>0  (*teS  ^«teT  cffttf  ^  That  stuff  is  not 
nice  to  eat.     This  is  very  vulgar  language.    I  «?•<(*»  is  Arabic 
(_>—  '-*•,  and  C^tT®  is  contracted  from  *tt^G^S  'to  eat.' 
^  ~%Z   That  is  a  good-for-nothing  brat. 
?TE^  *t&5  C*frF  The  wretched  horse  has  fallen  in 
the  mud.     *fc5  C*ftTF  vulgar  for  *tfWl  f*i*i|G5>. 
(6)  W  is  the  opposite  of  v\,  and  expresses  admiration,  liking, 
niceness;  as 

.*K<1   The  child  is  very  pretty. 

f*f*f  f^F   How  sweetly  the  bird  sings. 

*t  The  woman  is  fair  to  see. 
(c)  £W  'some,  a  little,'  used  contemptuously,  with  inanimate 
objects  only;  as 


He  does  not  care  for  vegetables,  but  after  some  coaxing, 
he  ate  a  little,  i.  e.  just  a  mouthful  or  two. 

?  C*fi75  ^§1  ^  ;;5^  ^^  ^^  ^^  I  don't  care  to  eat, 
but  you  may  give  me  a  morsel  or  two. 
(d)  ^3F  used  contemptuously  for  human  beings  ;  as 
<$$  W  C^^T  <4<[  ^<ll<l  C5W  Of«t  Tl   Look  at  the  little  brat, 

OS.     O^  L 

what  phick  he  has,  eh  ?    (<•£!<[  contracted  from  ^tn.) 
But  approvingly  for  inanimate  objects  ;  as 

T^  4^?  ^?F  "??^  C*ft=T  ^t^1  ^-STTl  ^Tt?  In  the  hot 

ON.  ON, 

weather  if  you  eat  a  nice  lump  of  ice  you  will  get  cool. 


THE  SUBSTANTIVE.  23 

Very  well>  tnen»  give  me  a  bit  that 
I  may  eat  it. 

<*)??  W  C*ft=T  ?T§«  ^Tl  ^T?  If  one  got  a  nice 
bit  of  stuff  like  that  one  would  be  pleased. 

(e)  '&rfsf  (Sansk.  ^Jtjf  'a  moment  of  time;'  but  in  Bengali,  'a 
piece')  generally  implies  a  piece  of  anything,  but  is  often  untrans- 
lateable  in  English;  as 

<£[$    <Tf«T  ^T*T5    Ift^   ^   ^tR    Give    me    a    piece    of  cloth, 
brother. 

^R  <Tf^  ^Stt^  C^TTlT?  *TT5  ?T?nr^'  Two  gold  vessels  have 

been  left  here  (literally,  two  pieces  gold  vessel). 
(£[$  ${T*f  ^•Tfy  One  bank-note  (literally,  one  piece  note). 

(/)  <tlM<?  when  used  alone  refers  solely  to  time;  as 

7RIT  C^=T  <?^C^S  *Tff?  If  I  get  a  little  time  I  can  do  it. 
Off?  <?<IC>«  ?ir^  You  must  wait  a  little. 


When  w|  is  added,  it  applies  both  to  time  and  to  inanimate 
objects  generally;  as 

*TffrWl  ^rfTTStl  ^rfsT  f%fafF  I  have  bought  a  little  piece,  i.e. 
a  little  bit  of  land. 

*Ttfrwl  "5R1T  C*t£ST  ^Hlf^  ^75  fifS  If  you  give  me  a  little 
time  I  will  do  it. 


(g)  C^il^l  ('cluster,  bunch'),  used  with  inanimate  objects;  as 

^  C^ft^l  *I|W<1  ^W  A  bundle  of  vegetables. 

$  Cftt^l  ^W  f%f«tfb   I  have  bought  a  bundle  of  pens. 

(h)  'Q'^t?,  said  to  be  contracted  from  C^lt^i  ^T?  'about  four.' 


The  following  specimens  of  nouns  fully  declined  will  illustrate 
the  above  remarks  :  — 


24  BENGALI  GEAMMAR. 

(a)  Human  beings  (vyakti-vachak). 

Singular.  Plural. 


Ace. 
Dat. 

Instr.    ?T$T»T   <$W$  or  TlTl  or      >^HGlT<l  TlTl,  tWl  etc. 


Abl. 

Gen.      *i-^R«)<l  *1^H         ^t?  or  Cf? 

Loc. 


—  In  the  plural  the  case-endings  are  sometimes  added  to 
the  form  of  the  genitive  singular,  as 
Cff?,  etc. 

(6)  Other  living  beings  (anyapranl-vachak). 
Nom.    ^i?  'dog'  ^W?.  "T^"  or 

Ov.    <K  *-*  <K    <K 

Ace.      ^^?  C^  or  3F^£  ^^<l  *<^^  C^,  or  as  nom. 

Dat.      ^^?  (^  fW?  ^TS^;  C^ 

Instr.    ^^?  fWl  etc.  ^^?  ^T^  fwl  etc. 

O-x    (K  <Sv    ON. 

etc.  etc. 

(c)  Inanimate  objects  (apranl-vachak). 

Nom.  *ffi£  'tree'  9tT^  ^F«T,  ^  etc. 

Ace.  ^ft^  id. 

Dat.  *f|Z^  ^T^"  ^l^Cd  or 

Instr.  ^It1^  fWl  etc.  tt1^  •y^sT  frf?1  etc. 

Abl.  *tt^  ^^G^»  or 

Gen. 

Loc. 


THE  ADJECTIVE.  25 


§  4.     THE  ADJECTIVE. 

The  adjective  is  invariable,  having  no  separate  forms  for  the 
genders.  There  is,  in  fact,  absolutely  no  gender  in  Bengali,  though 
in  recent  times  certain  writers  have  sought  unsuccessfully  to  intro- 
duce the  Sanskrit  genders.  Such  expressions  as  ^•K<u  ^T  'a 

beautiful  woman '  are  confined  to  literature,  and  in  literature  even 

i 

to  the  writings  of  a  particular  school.     The  adjective,  moreover,  is 
not  declined,  except  when  it  is  used  substantively. 

The  comparative  is  expressed  in  Sanskrit  by  adding  the  syl- 
lable ^,  as  ^C^T  'holy,'  *5C^T5<[  'holier.'  This  form  is  occasionally 
used  in  the  high  literary  style,  but  has  not  taken  root  in  popular 
language.  Ordinarily  the  following  words  are  employed : — 

(a)  ^0*1' ^>1  (Sansk.  ^R^JT  'reference,  comparison'),  used  with 
the   genitive.     This   is  literary,  and  used  in  polished  conversation 
or  oratory;  as 

^rfrt?  ^TC^f^l  ^t?  TlTl  ^5  ^T=T  It  will  be  better  done  by 

him  than  by  me. 
Or  with  the  nominative;    as 

3t*T  ^*f^>1  ^STfST  fr53    Shyam  is  wiser  than  Ram. 

(b)  (t?G*(  (shortened  pronunciation  of  frj^l,  participle  of  F| 
'to  see'),  with  the  genitive,  colloquial;  as 

^Tf5Tf<l  CFT*T  «ci«H    He  is  stronger  than  I. 

T  ^Spt  F^T  The  bamboo  twig  is  harder  than  the 
bamboo  (a  proverb,  meaning  'the  dependants  of  a  great  man 
are  more  oppressive  than  the  great  man  himself). 

(c)  *rcSJ  (Sansk.),  literary  and  colloquial;  as  <$3. 

Of  these  two  this  is  the  better. 

also  serves  to  denote  the  superlative  when  more  than  two 
objects  or  persons  are  compared ;  as  <jci 
Of  the  three  boys  this  is  the  handsomest. 


26  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 


(d)  3JF5  (shortened  form  of  «J^T3  suffix  of  the  abl.),  collo- 
quial; as  t£l^T<r  3.G^  ^S^FfiT  15  f«T3t^5  "*t"lj»  o  is  harder  to  write 
than  e. 

The  superlative  may  be  formed  by  adding  a  word  meaning 
'all '  to  any  of  the  above ;  as  '3TTfG"*f^rl  (lit.),  *1«?cifG"^t^1  (lit.  and 
coll.),  *t^iGl>G*l  (coll.),  *1<PG<n<l  (FETT  (coll.),  >t<J?G«n<l  Q&S  (coll.), 
*1G3GC>G*l  (vulgar). 

§  5.     THE  NUMERALS. 
A.     Cardinals. 

The  cardinal  numbers  in  this,  as  in  all  Indo-Aryan  languages, 
are  derived  with  very  little  change  from  Sanskrit  through  Prakrit. 
From  eleven  to  ninety-nine  they  exhibit  the  compound  form  of 
Sanskrit  and  Prakrit,  and  have  consequently  to  be  learnt  indi- 
vidually. 

All  the  cardinal  numbers  are  indeclinable. 

The  forms  of  the  cardinals,  which  are  very  similar  to  Hindi, 
are  as  follows  : — 


2  «^  7    *1]^  12    <1<1  17 

3  f^*T  8  ^li*  13   C$$  18 

4  ^t?T,  Mi<l          9   •'H  14   C&l'K  19 

5  *fT^  10  W*f  15  ^IZ»T?          20 
Instead  of  l4"t  for  20,  ^T^  is  very  commonly  used  colloquially. 


21    4[<?m\  27    *11^1^«1               33 

<K  •** 

23  (\s^*f  29  ^*M ^i^r         35 

24    ^I  3*f  .30    r3P*t                       36 

26 


THE   NUMERALS. 


27 


Sixty  is   sometimes   wiitten 
seventy-six  is  written 

81   ^^f  88 

82 

83    »<i*  90 

4  91 

92 

86  (6?yf*?t  93 

87  ?TF5t*ft  94 


so   also 


is  often  heard; 


For  eighty-eight  the  semi-  Sanskrit  form 
and  for  ioo,  while  the  Sanskrit  '"TS  is  in  c~  nmon  use,  C*t1  and  '"Hi 
are  also  used,  the  latter  especially  after  the  first  ten  numerals,  as 
<£&  f*H  'one  hundred,'  etc. 

In  the  writings  of  authors  of  the  Sanskritizing  school  it  is  not 


28  BENGALI   GKAMMAB. 

uncommon  to  find  the  numerals   used  in  their  original  Sanskrit 
form,  for  which  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  Sanskrit  grammar. 

For  1000  in  the  literary  style  the  Sanskrit  *1^«1  is  used,  but 
colloquially  the  Persian  .hjj,  with  the  first  vowel  lengthened;  ^lottf 
is  more  common.  Of  the  higher  numbers,  cf^5  literary  or  «lj<? 
colloquial  for  100,000,  and  (<?ify  literary  or  (3pT?T  colloquial  for 
10,000,000  are  in  common  use. 

The  fractional  numbers  are  C^fHTl,  C^W,  and  I  "li<?  'a  quarter;' 
'a  third;'  'STfa,  ^(.$4?  'half;'  f^«T  C*fHTl  'three  quarters;' 

Tfl  'a  quarter  more '  (from  Sansk.  ^f  'with  '  and  ^tf^^J  'a  quar- 
ter'), as  ?TvS'?n  f^T  '  three  and  a  quarter  ;'  (JpS  'one  and  a  half  (from 
Sansk.  gplf,  literally  'half  from  two');  C^f|£^  'a quarter  less'  (from 
Sansk.  tTRT  'a  quarter'  and  x3Fff  'less'),  as  (*1|£^  ^ftl>  'a  quarter 
less  than  five,'  i.e.  'four  and  three  quarters;'  >ltC^  (which  would 
be  more  correctly  written  *ltci»,  from  Sansk.  ^  'with '  and  ^STIf 
'half')  'a  half  more,'  as  ^Ic^  Ff?  'four  and  a  half.'  For  'two  and 
a  half  the  word  ^1^1^  (more  correctly  ^1^1^  from  Sansk.  ^T¥ 
'half  and  ^|  'a  couple')  is  used.  Distributives  are  expressed  by 
repeating  the  noun,  as  tf*f  «HC^  »*R>  ^  Ff^l  Of ^  '  give  each  of 
the  ten  men  a  rupee,'  or  give  the  ten  men  a  rupee  apiece.' 

Numerals  always  require  the  noun  to  be  in  the  singular,  as 
'  three  persons,'  *TT^  *(<l  'five  houses.'  When  the  noun  is 
declined  the  numeral  remains  unaltered,  as  TF5  »j?^G3r<r  'of  seven 
men.' 

B.     Ordinals. 

The  Bengali  language  has  no  special  forms  for  ordinals.  In 
modern  times  since  the  development  of  the  language,  the  Sanskrit 
ordinals  have  been  introduced.  They  are  used  in  literature  and 
in  conversation  by  educated  persons,  and  under  the  influence  of 
the  schoolmaster  are  finding  their  way  into  the  speech  of  the 
masses.  They  would  hardly  yet,  however,  be  understood  by  the 
cultivating  and  artizan  classes  generally.  The  first  ten  are  as 
follows : — 


THE   NUMEKALS.  29 


First  <£TO  Sixth 

Second  f^tt?  Seventh 

Third  ^st?T  Eighth 

Fourth  F^f  Ninth 

Fifth  *f3?*r  Tenth 


From  eleventh  to  twentieth  they  are  the  same  as  the  cardinals. 
From  twentieth  they  are  formed  by  adding  ^55T  to  the  cardinal, 
or  by  eliding  the  final  syllable,  as  fas""^  'twenty,'  fa^tfs^T  or 
fr^*f  'twentieth.' 

In  conversation,  even  among  educated  persons,  the  ordinals  are 
often  expressed  by  adding  the  suffix  of  the  genitive  singular  to 
the  cardinal,  as  <3iZ&?.  'first,'  *,(.<l<l  'second,'  f\SC»<<l  'third,'  and  so 
on  ;  thus  4C<F?  <f^Ci?  W\"$  'give  me  the  first  book  '  (on  the  shelf,  etc.) 
This  form  is  only  used  with  inanimate  objects. 

The  Hindustani  ordinals  pahila  'first,'  dusra  'second,'  and  tisra 
third  '  are  occasionally  vised  slightly  corrupted,  to  suit  Bengali 
pronunciation,  as  *t<.3.d1,  (trt*1<U,  C^*T?1. 

Colloquially  certain  words  are  used  with  numerals  as  with  sub- 
stantives to  indicate  shades  of  meaning.  They  are  as  follows:  — 

(a)  C^T^I,  like  v\,  has  a  somewhat  depreciating  meaning  ;  as 

nr?T|  fe5  *rt?[  Can  you  give  me  some  four  pice 
or  so  ?    implying  that  it  is  a  trifling  sum. 

^T&  ^t=T  ^Z^  It  will  suffice  if  there  are  some 
ten  cups. 

With  ^5  'how  many,'  it  implies  an  indefinite  number;  as  C^TT^I 
^5  ^«  C^T  ¥t?1  ^^1  5.C*IC^  This  has  been  done  by  a  few 
mischievous  boys. 

When  the  noun  is  omitted,  it  is  more  indefinite  still  ;  as  C^tWl 
^5  ^Gci^  ^C<  A  small  number  will  do,  or  just  a  few  will  suffice. 

(b)  W,  like  W,  indicates  approbation  ;  as  ^fe  ^K& 

Some  five  boys  or  so  sang  wonderfully  well. 


30  BENGALI   GEAMMAR. 


With  3F3  it  is  indefinite ;   as 

The  beggar  is  happy  with  just  a  few  pice. 

(c)  ^rr*T  and  ^lt I •?  are  used  in  the  same  way  as  with  the  noun, 
but  <llfr  expresses  approbation ;  as  "5^  *Ttfr  ^'Ht<i  ^fa  Off^Tfr 
I  saw  two  beautiful  pictures. 

(d)  S("f»T  means  'a  piece,'  and  is  used  in  enumerating  articles;  as 
$^  STf*T  (*(i^<i  Two  (pieces)  mohars  . 

^  «TT»r  ^T*F5  Two  pieces  of  cloth. 

(e)  *tt^,  literally  'tree,5  is  used  in  speaking  of  long  straight 
things ;    as 

^STfcT  The  oar  rows  (or  works)  well. 
Three  sticks. 

It  will  be  observed,  in  some  of  the  above  examples,  that  <3^F 
is  added  to  numerals.  This  is  always  the  case  when  uncertainty 
is  implied.  In  this  position  &($  may  be  translated  'about;'  as 
TC*1<?  '  about  ten.' 

Vagueness  is  often  indicated  by  putting  together  two  numbers 
of  very  different  values;  as  R~*f  t>l  51  "t,  literally  'twenty-forty,' 
i.  e.  any  number  from  twenty  to  forty,  or  a  little  more  or  less. 
Natives  are  often  vague  about  their  age.  A  witness  will  sometimes 
depose  that  his  age  is  W*t  ^TE>T*f  '  ten-fifty,'  meaning  that  he  is  a 
man  of  middle  age !  So  also, 

^  cffa?  ^ft^  ^Tf^  ^filf^  ^rT*T  »Tf^  My  income  is  not  two-five 
lakhs,  i.  e.  I  am  not  a  rich  man. 

^t^T?  l<"f  *f FT*f  cfftF  ^1*1  ^Ics^  His  income  is  twenty-fifty 
lakhs,  i.  e.  He  is  a  very  wealthy  man. 

1  The  mohar,  or  more  correctly  mukr,  is  a  gold  coin,  no  longer  current, 
valued  generally  at  sixteen  rupees. 


CHAPTER    III. 

THE  PKONOUN. 

§  6.     PERSONAL    PRONOUNS. 

THE  forms  of  the  personal  pronouns  are  the  following : — 

First  Person. 

Singular.  Plural. 

Norn.    ^tfa  'I' 

Dat.    \ 


etc. 


etc.  etc. 


Instr. 

Abl. 
Gen. 

Loc. 

In  the  instr.  sing,  the  postpositions  <?^2^,  <£<l1^,  and  l*T<ll  are 
affixed  to  the  form  ^TfTl,  while  "CtHl  requires  the  fomi  ^l^tfl. 

In  all  the  cases  of  the  plural  the  postpositions  may  be  affixed 
to  ^i*^i  or  ^Tt^Tf^;  thus  one  may  say  ^i^llifGM?  or  ^t^lfl- 
TWC^t?,  the  latter  form  is  more  common  in  Western  Bengal. 

The  above  form  of  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  is  that  used 
in  literature  and  colloquially  by  all  correct  speakers.  Ami  is,  how- 
ever, by  origin,  the  plural,  and  has  by  long  use  been  so  identified 


32  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

with  the  singular,  that  a  new  plural,  amara,  has  been  created  for 
use  when  it  is  required  to  bring  out  the  sense  of  plurality  more 
clearly. 

The  old  nominative  is  still  in  use,  though  it  is  now  considered 
vulgar,  and  is  only  heard  among  the  lower  orders,  or  in  very  familiar 
conversation,  in  addressing  servants  and  inferiors.  It  too  has  had 
a  new  plural  invented  for  it,  so  completely  has  all  perception  of  ami 
being  the  real  phn-al  of  mui  died  out.  It  runs  thus  :  — 

Singular.  Plural. 

Norn.    "S^t  'I' 

Dat. 
Gen. 


No  other  cases  are  in  use,  and  it  will  be  observed  that  in  the 
plural  the  form  of  the  genitive  is  used  for  the  ace.  and  dat.  also. 
In  the  singular,  too,  the  gen.  (Tt?  is  occasionally  used  for  the  ace. 
and  dat. 

Second  Person. 

Plural. 
C5t*T?1  'ye' 


etc. 


Here,  also,  there  is  the  old  singular,  now  esteemed  vulgar,  with 
a  modern  plural  fitted  to  it,  thus 


PERSONAL  PRONOUNS.  33 

Singular.  Plural. 

Nom.    ^  'thou' 
Ace. 
Dat. 
Gen.     f5f? 


The  remarks  regarding  the  first  person  apply  to  the  second 
person  also. 

In  addressing  superiors  or  equals  in  rank,  and  generally  in  the 
conversation  of  respectable  persons  of  all  classes,  neither  ^[fa  nor 
tt£  are  used.  In  their  place  is  used  ^t*tfr  (from  Sansk.  W3I1, 
'self'),  meaning  literally  'self,'  but  used  also  to  mean  'your 
honour,'  'your  honourable  self,'  and  such  like,  just  as  in  Hindi  dp. 
The  student  must  be  very  careful  always  to  use  apani  when  ad- 
dressing gentlemen  or  respectable  people  of  any  class,  as  the  use 
of  tumi,  except  to  servants,  relations,  or  very  humble  people,  is 
regarded  almost  as  an  insult. 

When  used  to  mean  'self,'  i.e.  'myself,  thyself,  himself,'  etc., 
apani  is  thus  declined  : 

Singular.  Plural. 

Nom. 

Dat. 

etc.  etc. 

But  when  implying  'your  honour'  it  may  take  in  nom.  plur.  the 
form  ^Tf*H<?1n1,  gen.  sing.  ^Tt*H^t<l,  and  so  in  the  other  cases. 

^Tf^ffa,  when  used  respectfully,  takes  the  verb  in  the  third  per- 
son ;  as  ^rf*u*f  ^§<r  MfG«l^  Your  honour  will  give  an  answer. 

When  it  is  wished  to  express  still  greater  respect,  the  word 
*(^1<4f$l  'gentleman,  Sir,'  is  used,  also  with  the  verb  in  the  third 
person  plural;  as  *^H<1  m^Tft'T  «li^G4»)  f%  *fl  Will  you  go 
there  or  not,  Sir  ? 

D 


34  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

Third  Person. 

Singular,  Plural. 

Nom.    fsfr  'he,'  'she'  ^t^t?"!  'they' 

c<;' 

Uflt. 


( 
Instr.  <     T^T?  TT?1 

'  etc.  etc. 


Abl. 
Gen. 

Loo. 

The  old  singular,  now  considered  vulgar,  is 

Nom.    (T  'he,'  'she'  ^5t^T?1  'they' 

Gen. 


LOC. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  forms  of  the  oblique  cases  differ 
only  from  the  higher  form  by  omission  of  the  chandrabindu,  or 
nasal  sign. 

'it'  is  expressed  by  (T,  and  its  inflection  ^St^l,  generally  con- 
tracted to  ^1.  In  this  sense  C^T  is  used  in  correct  language. 

There  is  no  possessive  pronoun,  the  genitive  of  the  personal  pro- 
nouns is  used,  as  ^t^in  5T?  '  my  house,'  C^ST^H  •Tfsf  '  thy  name.' 

§  7.     OTHER    PRONOUNS. 

The  other  pronouns  are  strictly  analogous  in  form  and  declen- 
sion to  the  personal  pronouns.  The  type  of  FSfa  may  be  taken  as 
a  model  for  all;  thus 

i.  Near  demonstrative:  —  ^fa  'this,'  inflection  ^^1  ;  vulgar  <fl, 
inflect.  ^1. 


OTHER  PRONOUNS.  35 


2.  Remote  demonstrative:  —  «M  'that,'  inflect.  ^^1  ;  vulgar  ^8, 
inflect.  W^l. 

3.  Relative:  —  I*lH  'whoever,'  inflect.  ^Tf^l;  vulgar  (*T,  inflect. 


4.  Correlative:  —          (given  above). 

5.  Interrogative:  —  (a)  (^  'who?'  inflect,  Tf^l;  vulgar  C^,  in- 
flect. *T3TI. 

(&)  f^F  'what?'  inflect.  ^T^l.  Besides  the  regular  form  ^t^l, 
T3F  has  also  an  inflection  I<?C*1  used  in  certain  cases  only  ;  as  Ace., 
Dat.  fad*l,  Instr.  f<PC*l<l  Tf?T|  or  t%  Iwl,  Loc.f%E^T3,  Abl.  fe?T 
C*T£3?  or  f%  ^75. 

There  is  also  an  interrogative  form  C^H  used  only  with  nouns  ; 
as  C^f*  ^tt"*  *ll^(.^e>  To  what  place  are  you  going  ? 

6.  Indefinite  :—  C^  'any  one,'  inflect.  ^T^l;  to  which  is  added 
the  vowel  ^  very  lightly  pronounced  ;  as  Ace.  ^T^Tfc^F^,  Gen.  3Ff- 
sHU'S  or  ^1^1c<l1,  etc.     It  is  used  both  for  singular  and  plural,  if, 
indeed,  it  can  be  said  to  have  a  plural.     l<i?^  'anything.' 

C^t*f  (to  be  distinguished  from  t^T^  'which?'),  'some,  any,'  is 
indeclinable. 

The  pronouns  «fl,  ^,  f*T  often  have  an  "^  added  to  them,  as 
<*)$,  or  ^?,  ^5,  (*1^;  this  conveys  a  certain  emphasis,  as  'this  very 
one,'  etc.  In  the  genitive  plural  for  ^3JG*T<1  and  ^^JG*T<1  the 

*  <•> 

contractions  ^Gif<l  and  ^CtfH  are  used  colloquially  by  all  classes. 

These  pronouns  also  take  the  additional  syllables  TT|,  W,  like 
nouns.  The  inflectional  terminations  are  placed  after  these  addi- 
tions, as  Gen.  ^T?t?;  (*HS]<t;  Loc.  <i|Ffra,  ^FJlT;  C*HS)d^). 

There  are  also  many  compound  pronouns  which  must  be  learnt 
from  practice,  such  as  C*T  C^  'whosoever,'  C*T  C^TR  id.,  C^T  1<T-^ 
'whatsoever,'  (*T  *j<?cn  'all  who,'  etc. 

The  adjective  in  Bengali  being  indeclinable,  it  follows  that 
whenever  any  one  of  the  above  pronouns  is  used  as  an  adjective,  it 
becomes  indeclinable.  When  used  adjectivally  the  forms  <fl,  ^  C^f, 
and  CS  are  used,  not  ^fr,  ^fr,  fof^,  or  f^;  as 

D  2 


36  BENGALI   GBAMMAB. 


C^T«tj  STft^T  Where  does  this  Pandit  live? 
Call  that  boy. 

(^T«fl  <tlwtf^cT  Where  did  you  find  those 
flowers  ? 
C*T  (3  f%  C«rfa  vSt^l  ^rrfjf  ^fac^  *fff?  T|  What  caste  he  may 

be  I  cannot  say. 

More  usually  in  this  connexion  the  forms  with  ^  added  are  used, 
as  4,  ^,  etc. 

As  possessive,  meaning  '(my,  thy,  his)  own,'  ^f^ffa  'self  may 
be  used  in  the  genitive  ^l^Hlf,  or  in  the  stem  form  Tf*lT;  as 
TT*R  ?T<r  ^Tf^  Go  to  your  own  house. 

In  the  sense  of  'own'  is  also  used  f^TST,  as  ^  ^i^ln  fac«f<l 
?T<r  'this  is  my  own  house;'  but  when  used  as  a  substantive,  mean- 
ing '(my,  thy,  him)  self,'  it  takes  the  form  frc®,  as  fr^St  ^T® 
<?MH51  '  he  did  the  work  himself.'  In  this  sense  it  is  declined  like 
other  pronouns,  though  in  the  singular  only. 

The  Persian  word  :>•.»  'self,'  written  C*T|Tf,  is  also  frequently 
used  in  the  same  way  as  M&t.  It  is  considered  as  respectful,  and 
may  be  used  in  addressing  superiors;  as  l>i<P<l  <U<?G<1<1  ^^TUT  fa 
flT  C<HTf  f%  «C«H  What  matters  the  talk  of  servants,  what  do  you 
yourself  say,  Sir? 

^Tt^ffr,  facet,  and  C*Tfl?  are  sometimes  for  distinctness  sake 
added  to  the  pronoun  of  the  person  to  which  they  refer,  and  are 
then  put  in  the  same  case  as  the  personal  pronoun;  as  ^T^Tjl 
Tf*RT?  (or  fadfc<0  r<<t<l  fsfr  <t^|  <?lVc^  *\\(.«t»<  'he  can 
take  care  of  his  own  property,'  where  emphasis  is  laid  on  own.' 

^^<?  and  the  Arabic  ^iU,  corrupted  to  <P«l"i1,  answer  to 
English  'so  and  so,'  and  are  used  where  the  name  of  the  person 
or  place  referred  to  is  omitted  ;  as  ^flTT  ^*^«?,  Wlfs  ^*^<P,  5T<f 
^^^  Name,  so  and  so;  caste,  such  and  such;  residence,  so 
and  so. 

In  the  literary  style,  and  especially  in  poetry,  parts  of  the  San- 
skrit personal  pronouns  are  not  infrequently  used  ;  as,  for  instance, 


OTHER  PRONOUNS.  37 

the  bases  of  the  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  persons,  and  some 
of  the  cases.  The  full  declension  of  these  pronouns  belongs  to  San- 
skrit grammar,  but  the  most  generally  used  forms  are  here  given  : 

Base  ^  or  ^^If  'l'  or  'we'     TO  'of  me'     STfa  'me'     (3  'to  me.' 
„     ^  or  "STSHf  'thou'or'ye'  ^^  'of  thee'  ^T'thee'  C5  'tothee.' 

The  forms  of  the  base  are  used  in  composition  only  ;  as  5T(^<«t3f  'niy 
son,'  ^PZHr  *t^  'our  house.' 

The  pronoun  of  the  third  person  (nom.  sing,  neut.)  ^^  is  also 
used  for  r«H  'he,  that,'  only  in  composition;  as  v5^i«fH  'be- 
longing to  that  time,'  N&Hft^1  'by  means  of  that.'  Other  words  so 
used  are  "^T  '  self,'  and  N»3A  'your  honour.' 

From  ST1^,  s»CKJif,  and  the  others,  are  formed  possessive  adjec- 
tives ;  thus 

'mine'         ^^tlT      'thine'         ^ft"?Tl  'his'  or  'its.' 
'ours'  "STSrftlT  'yours'         ^ft?     'otie'sown.' 

Occasionally  also  the  Sanskrit  word  ^l^"*  'self  (the  origin 
of  x»(f*rf'0  is  used  by  some  writers,  and  is  even  declined  ;  as  Ace. 
^l^lc^,  Gen.  ^l^fn;  but  this  is  rare.  In  composition  the 
shortened  form  ^1^  is  found  in  some  words  of  rather  frequent 
use,  such  as  ^l^fl^Pl  'self-preservation,'  ^l^^jl  'suicide.' 
^*1\  (pronounced  shoyong)  '  self,'  though  a  pure  Sanskrit  word, 
is  often  used  both  in  literature  and  in  the  higher  conversational 
style.  It  is  used  with  pronouns  of  all  persons,  and  in  all  caees, 
and  is  indeclinable;  thus 

He  came  here  himself. 


They  will  go  there  themselves. 
They  will  have  to  go  in  person. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE  VERB. 

§  8;     CONJUGATION. 

THE  verb  is  as  simple  as  the  noun.  There  is  only  one  conju- 
gation, and  there  are,  strictly  speaking,  no  irregular  verbs,  though 
some  few  verbs  in  the  commonest  every-day  use  are  so  much  con- 
tracted as  to  have  at  first  sight  the  appearance  of  irregularity.  On 
examination,  however,  it  will  be  found  that  they  are  perfectly 
regular. 

The  grammarians  distinguish  between  transitive  and  intransitive 
verbs.  This  distinction,  however,  is  only  of  importance  in  the  con- 
struction of  sentences,  the  conjugation  being  the  same  in  both  cases. 

There  are  nine  tenses  in  the  ordinary  verb,  and  in  each  tense  two 
numbers,  singular  and  plural,  in  each  number  three  persons.  As 
a  natural  result  of  the  rejection  of  the  old  singular  of  the  personal 
pronouns,  the  old  singular  of  the  verb  has  also  been  rejected,  and 
like  the  old  singular  of  the  pronouns  is  considered  vulgar.  It  is, 
however,  given  in  the  paradigmas  below  for  completeness  sate,  as 
it  is  frequently  heard  among  peasants  and  labourers1.  The  third 
person  singular,  however,  is  used  both  in  polite  speech  and  in 
literature. 

It  is  usual  to  give  the  verb  in  dictionaries  under  the  form  of  the 
verbal  noun  in  n  (or  after  gutturals  «).  In  this  view  there  are 
three  classes  of  verbs,  ending  respectively  in^**,  ^"f,  and^H;  thus 

1  In  adopting  this  course,  I  rely  on  the  authority  of  Sarkar,  as  well  as  on 
the  morphological  facts  of  the  case. 


CONJUGATION.  39 


ist      ^TeR    to  speak.  3F?*1      to  do. 

2nd     S^    to  be.  Stf^    to  go. 

3rd     St^TR  to  make.  *Tf^R  to  cook. 

The  third  form  comprises  active  verbs  formed  from  intransitives, 
and  causal  verbs.  The  active  verb  formed  from  an  intransitive  is, 
it  will  be  observed,  itself  a  kind  of  causal.  Thus  the  neuter  *tf«?«< 
means  'to  be  ripe,  to  be  cooked,'  while  the  active  *U«?H  '  to  ripen, 
to  cook,'  means  literally  'to  cause  to  be  ripe  or  cooked,'  i.e.  'to  cook.' 
There  is,  as  mentioned  above,  practically  no  difference  in  the 
conjugation  of  these  three  classes  ;  but  the  ^  of  the  second  class 
not  being  a  part  of  the  root,  disappears  in  conjugation,  giving  rise 
in  one  or  two  instances  to  peculiarities  of  spelling,  which  will  be 
noticed  in  their  proper  place.  The  long  '•Sfl  of  the  third  class, 
whether  active  or  causal,  is  never  elided,  but  retains  its  place 
throughout  the  conjugation. 

In  some  cases  the  formation  of  a  transitive  from  an  intransitive 
verb,  and  that  of  a  causal  from  a  transitive,  is  effected,  not  by  adding 
the  characteristic  ^Tl  to  the  root,  but  by  change  of  the  root  vowel. 
In  these  cases  ^T  becomes  T|,  ^  becomes  <*),  and  ^  becomes  ^  ; 
in  the  two  latter  instances  the  final  ^Tl  is  also  added  ;  as 

fall,  lie.  ^TFS'T     throw  down,  fell,  lay. 

burn,  blaze.  -S}|«n»<     kindle,  enflame. 

stir,  move.  «l1^       shake,  remove. 

write.  (sf^tR     cause  to  write. 

to  burst  (intr.).          (W^  to  burst  (tr.). 
In  the  literary  and  higher  styles  numerous  verbs  are  formed  by 
adding  the  verb  ^W  'to  do  '  to  a  Sanskrit  noun  ;  as  ^1*  ^F?W  '  to 
see,'  *tf<r£f*r  3><[«i  '  to  iabour>'     ju  these  cases  the  noun  remains 
unchanged  throughout  all  tenses,  the  verb  alone  being  inflected. 

Auxiliaries. 

Bengali,  being  analytical  in  type,  makes  considerable  use  of 
auxiliary  verbs  in  its  conjugation.  Some  of  these  are  defective,  only 


40  BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 

having  two  or  three  tenses,  while  others  are  complete.  The  ordinary 
auxiliaries  are  ^K^  'is,'  ^6«T  'to  be,  or  become,'  *Tj'v§«T  'to  go,' 
^?1  'to  do,'  srp£*f  '  to  remain.'  ^ke*  is  defective,  having  only  a 
present  and  an  imperfect.  They  are  thus  conjugated  :  — 

PRESENT. 
Singular.  Plural. 


I  am.  ^1»J41  ^|          we  are. 

thou  art.  C5t*r<rl  ''STf^      ye  are. 

he  is.  ^t^T?1  ^Udfe^  they  are. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 


I  was  3[,  cTO.      ^l^l       cTfa  we  were. 
thou  wast.  Cal^fl  fs?£«T    ye  were. 

he  was.  ^t^T?1  f^C«R  the    were. 


The  imperfect  «lt»(  is  shortened  from  ^|«lj»<,  etc.,  which 
was  used  down  to  the  end  of  the  last  century,  and  may  be  used 
metri  gratia  in  poetry  even  at  the  present  time. 

The  method  of  using  the  various  persons  of  the  singular  and 
plural,  which  of  them  are  admitted  in  correct  language  and  which 
are  considered  vulgar,  will  be  discussed  under  the  regular  verb. 

The  other  auxiliaries  being  complete  follow  the  type  of  the  regu- 
lar verb,  which  here  follows. 

Regular  Verb. 
BOOT  ^<T  'DO'  (Sanskrit  ^). 
I.  INDEFINITE  PRESENT  OR  AORIST. 

/  do,  may  do,  etc. 

Singular.  Plural. 

I. 
2. 

3. 

1  See  p.  47,  §  9,  ii. 


CONJUGATION. 


41 


2.  DEFINITE  PRESENT. 
I  am  doing. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


I. 


2. 


3.  IMPERFECT. 
I  was  doing. 


4.  INDEFINITE  PERFECT. 
I  did. 


5.   DEFINITE  PERFECT. 
J  have  done. 


6.  PLUPERFECT. 
I  had  done. 


1  See  p.  47,  §  9,  ii. 


42  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

7.   FUTURE. 

I  shall  do. 
Singular.  Plural* 


2. 

3. 

8.   IMPERATIVE. 

.Do  Mow. 
I. 

2. 

3. 

9.   CONDITIONAL  (also  HABITUAL). 
(If)  I  do,  also  J  Mserf  to  do. 


2. 

3. 

These  are  the  ordinary  tenses  of  the  simple  regular  verb.  The 
following  additional  tenses  may  be  formed  by  employing  the  auxi- 
liary verb  *Tfa  'to  remain,'  with  the  past  participle  of  the  primary 
verb  :  — 

1.  <?i<l^1  Tfpl?  I  continue  to  do,  I  usually  do. 

2.  <?f<l*l1  *hfe«l1*(  I  continued  doing,  I  went  on  doing. 

3.  <?f<l*l1  Stlf<?<  I  shall  continue  to  do. 

4.  ^fatll  «Tf^  Go  on  doing. 

5.  «?f<l<l|  «lif<i?«l»(  I  used  always  to  do. 

It  will  be  observed  that  some  of  the  forms  above  given  are  very 
long,  they  are  consequently  much  shortened  in  ordinary  conversa- 
tion, even  by  the  educated  classes.  Thus 

for  <PI<IC^C^  is  used  ^HC1*  kor'chche, 

korechhe, 


CONJUGATION.  43 

and  so  with  the  other  tenses.  To  pronounce  these  words  in  full 
as  '  kSritechhe '  or  koriyachhe'  would  be  regarded  as  affected  and 
ridiculous.  These  contractions  are  used  in  all  the  verbs  in  the 
language.  Thus 

dekh'chche,  not  dekhitechhe,    he  is  seeing;' 
jachche,  not  jaitechhe,  'he  is  going,'  etc. 

The  language  is  not  rich  in  participles,  nor  is  much  use  made 
of  those  that  exist,  except  in  composition.  They  are  as  follows : — 

Present  Participle         <n<lG^S  'doing,'  also  used  as  infinitive 'to  do.' 
Past  Participle  ^fWl  'done.' 

Conjunctive  Past  Part.  <PI<lCfi1  'having  done.' 
Verbal  Noun  ^?*t  'the  act  of  doing.' 

,,  ^<T|  'doing.' 

„  <?f<Kl  'doing.' 

Illustrations  of  the  way  in  which  these  forms  are  used  will  be 
found  below,  page  47,  §  9. 

The  passive  is  formed  by  adding  the  tenses  of  the  verb  *fl  'to 
go'  to  the  verbal  noun  ^<l1.  Thus  (the  first  person  only  is  given) : 

1.  Indefinite  Present 

2.  Definite  Present  ^ 

3.  Imperfect  ^< 

4.  Indefinite  Perfect  ^ 

5.  Definite  Perfect  ^ 

6.  Pluperfect 

7.  Future  ^ 

8.  Imperative  <? 

9.  Conditional  ^ 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  forms  of  the  verb  *T|,  given  in  tenses 
4,  5,  and  6,  are  different  from  the  rest.  This  is,  in  fact,  the  only 


44 


BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 


point  in  which  there  exists  any  irregularity  in  the  Bengali  verb. 
The  past  participle  of  *T|,  with  which  tenses  5  and  6  are  compounded, 
is  f*f*fl  instead  of  STf^Tl1,  and  the  indefinite  perfect  is  C*tcTf*f 
instead  of  *Tf^«tt*J. 

[In  this  respect,  Bengali  agrees  with  all  the  modern  languages 
of  the  group  in  retaining  a  form  derived  from  the  Sanskrit  Pas- 
sive Participle  Iff,  Prakrit  *nft  or  *F*lt.] 

Another  method  of  forming  the  passive,  which  is  much  used  in 
literature,  consists  in  adding  the  forms  of  the  verb  ^"ST  to  the 
perfect  participle  of  Sanskrit  verbs. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  most  frequently  used  of  these 
participles,  with  the  Sanskrit  verb  to  which  they  belong.  For 
others  the  dictionary  should  be  consulted. 


Root. 

Participle. 

5      do. 

^5        done. 

S      hold. 

2^5         held. 

IF^T   stop. 

J^S       stopped. 

^Hf    speak. 

^IiT^    spoken. 

"^     be. 

1^5        been. 

*&   go- 

^5        gone. 

Jf*f   see. 

j€         seen, 

«l«  join. 

1F3F      joined. 

^H  (causal  ^f*f  ' 

^f)  entrust.        ^rf^f^S  entrusted,  handed  over. 

W\      give. 

*T5       given. 

^1     stand. 

n^5      stood. 

<^    say. 

^\s*      said. 

^?  (^)  fill. 

qfi       full,  filled. 

1%?  break. 

r»H      divided,  separate. 

1  In  Western  Bengal  the  form  *TT$?1  is  used  instead  of 
same  takes  place  also  sometimes  in  poetry. 


The 


CONJUGATION.  45 


wander.  ^TH?  confused,  mistaken. 

^9*T   be  pure.  ^3^    pure. 

They  are  conjugated  thus: 

Indefinite  Present  *T5  3^R          I  am  seized. 
Indefinite  Perfect    *^  3As'to    I  was  seized. 
Definite  Perfect      |F3  ^^*l|i\  I  have  been  seized. 
The  participle  remaining  unchanged  throughout. 

There  is  a  very  numerous  class  of  Sanskrit  verbs  compounded 
with  a  preposition  used  in  this  way.  Indeed,  it  is  only  by  the 
almost  unrestricted  employment  of  such  words  that  an  originally 
poor  language,  like  Bengali,  is  able  to  find  tenses  for  the  expression 
of  the  higher  and  more  complex  ideas.  The  same  process  has  taken 
place  in  our  own  language,  where  Latin  participles  are  largely  used 
to  form  verbs.  It  is  impossible,  within  the  limits  of  this  work,  to 
give  a  list  of  all  the  Sanskrit  words  so  employed;  they  will  be 
found  in  the  dictionary. 

The  causal  is  formed  by  adding  o  to  the  root,  thus  from  <P4 
do/  causal  ^<lj.  Verbs  which  end  in  a  in  the  active,  take  another 
o,  which  is  separated  from  the  a  of  the  root  by  the  peculiar 
Bengali  combination  ^"?=.w  (see  §  2.  B.  page  8),  thus  *fl  'go,' 
causal  *TfNSTfl.  The  a  of  the  causal  remains  throughout  all  the 
tenses  ;  thus 

1.  Indefinite  Present 

2.  Definite  Present 
4.  Indefinite  Perfect 

etc. 

Although,  as  previously  mentioned,  there  are  no  irregular  verbs, 
yet  there  are  one  or  two  much  used  verbs  which  undergo  so  much 
contraction,  and  occasionally  also  vowel  change,  in  the  mouth  of 
the  people,  that  it  may  be  well  to  give  some  of  the  tenses  as  a 
guide  to  the  student. 


46  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

^^^f  'to  be '  (contracted  from  C^l). 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  Indefinite  Present    i.  s£3.  ^3, 

2. 

3- 

2.  Definite  Present 

3.  Indefinite  Perfect 
7.  Future 

Colloquially  this  verb  undergoes  the  following  contractions: 
is  pronounced   3,C»&       hochche. 
hoyechhe. 
holS. 
hobe. 
The  verb  Of^^f  'to  give'  is  very  much  contracted,  as  follows 

Singular.  Plural. 

i.   Indefinite  Present     i.  Oft  or  fa  Oft  or  fa 


3 

2.  Definite  Present  [itC^I^  (pronounced 

3.  Definite  Perfect 

4.  Indefinite  Perfect 
7.  Future 

Infinitive 

Past  Participle 

Conjunctive  Past  Part. 

Imperative  i.  Oft  or  fa  i.  Oft  or 

2.  Of  2.  Of*?  or 

•?.  Of^^  or  R^<?  •?.  Of%*T  or 

^  ^ 

The  verb  (f^f  'to  take'  is  conjugated  precisely  as 


REMARKS  ON  THE   VEEB  IN  GENERAL.  47 


Colloquially  C*f^  is  rare,  Hf  is  generally  used.     In  the  impera- 
tive C*T^<?  and  (Jf^«f  also  are  rare,  IK<?  and  IK*'  being  used. 

The  verb  ^1^*1  *«  'to  come'  generally  omits  the  ^,  and  in  some 
cases  the  T  ;  thus 

Indefinite  Present 

Singular.  Plural. 

i. 

2. 


Indefinite  Perfect  ^i*tdt*(  or  ^ll^  pronounced 

Conjunctive  Past  Part,  ^li^icsi     or  ^l^cci     pronounced 

Colloquially  ^U*!  and  the  forms  which  omit  the  ^  are  used. 

§  9.  REMARKS  ON  THE  VERB  IN  GENERAL. 

i.  The  second  person  singular  (as  above  remarked)  of  all  the 
tenses  is  vulgar,  and  never  heard  in  polite  speech.  Nor  is  the  first 
person  of  the  singular  much  used  by  educated  persons,  though, 
from  its  being  identical  with  the  first  person  plural,  it  is  only  from 
the  pronoun  prefixed  that  one  can  tell  whether  singular  or  plural 
is  meant. 

ii.  In  the  first  person  singular  of  tenses  3,  4,  and  6,  the  ter- 
mination «rfST  is  pronounced  «J*f  in  most  parts  of  Bengal.  The 
old  termination  ?£  is  now  archaic  and  poetical,  and  is  not  heard 
in  conversation,  except  among  the  lowest  classes. 

iii.  The  third  person  singular  of  tenses  4  and  7  sometimes  has 
the  terminations  («!*£  and  C^  respectively,  as  ^IV  (.«!<£  and 
<Pi<lG<<?.  These,  however,  are  not  used  by  correct  speakers,  and 
may  perhaps  be  described  as  provincialisms. 

iv.  In  the  imperative,  when  a  somewhat  future  sense  is  implied, 
that  is  to  say,  when  a  person  is  told  to  do  a  thing,  not  at  once, 
but  at  some  future  time,  an  ?.  is  inserted  before  the  termination, 


48  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 


as  2  pers.  pi.  ^n^.  This  form  is  also  used  when  a  certain  amount 
of  deference  or  politeness  is  intended,  like  the  termination  lye  of 
Hindustani  (baithiye,  dekhiye,  etc.).  Politeness  is  also  indicated 
in  the  third  person  plural  by  using  the  future  tense;  thus  4?<JH 
is  an  absolute  command,  'let  them  do  it,'  <Pi<lG<^  'will  they  (please) 
do  it.' 

v.  The  indefinite  present  or  aorist  is  a  mere  statement  of  action 
with  only  the  vaguest  idea  of  time.  It  thus  expresses  habit  or 
custom  ;  as 

£ft?r  ^F|  ^f?  I  generally  do  this. 

^  <f1Z«T  «C»l«*  He  sits  there  (i.e.  that  is  his  usual  seat). 
<2Tf?  *1«?U«1  ^T*f  «?*&«  *TR  He  generally  goes  to  bathe 
early  in  the  morning1. 

vi.  The  definite  present  indicates  that  the  action  is  being  per- 
formed at  the  time  of  speaking  ;  as 

C*f*tf^  l[f*r  *rf"$  I  am  seeing  (i.e.  keeping  watch),  you 
may  go. 

*ti(.et?»<  "^fr  <$*ttZ3  ff\  The  Babu  is  eating,  you  sit  here 
(and  wait). 

vii.  The  imperfect  is  used  in  the  same  sense  as  in  English  ;  as 
(ff^ffEffTST  f%H  (7T  T&\  (*f«T   I  was  looking  at  him 

-»  Os, 

(i.e.  examining  him),  but  he  went  away. 

viii.  The  indefinite  perfect  indicates  past  time,  generally,  with- 
out precisely  defining  the  moment  of  action  ;  as 

ft  (*T«pr  ^5T(<[  f*T  ^7cT  C^tcf  I  went  and  ate,  and  he 
went  away. 

Ffal  fac«n  f%^  <rf^flf  fir  C«l»t  «T|  He  took  the  money,  but 
did  not  give  a  receipt. 
(7T  Sf<rcr  ^llfil  ^  C^T5  fif^V  He  seized  it,  and  I  let  it  go. 


1  In  many  of  these  examples  the  colloquial  forms  of  verbs  etc^  are  given 
to  familiarize  the  student  with  their  use. 


REMARKS   ON   THE   VERB   IN   GENERAL.  49 

ill<ldfi1  ^rfftr  *telt^  C^tpr  He  beat  me,  and  I  ran 
away. 

ix.   The  definite  perfect  expresses  the  completion  of  an  action;  as 
Tf^ffr  *f5»t  I  have  written  it  (i.e.  I  have  finished 
the  writing),  be  pleased  to  read  it. 

The  pluperfect  is  often  used  where  in  English  we  should  use 
the  indefinite  perfect,  as  in  expressing  the  first  of  several  past 
actions;  as 

lb^l  Slfcr^cj*!   f%U  *fsTTWl   C*t«T   I  caught  the  fish 
(lit.  I  had  caught),  but  it  escaped.     If  in  this  sentence,  in- 
stead of  C$teT,  we  write  p1*lllS»ei,  it  would  indicate  that  some- 
thing else  happened  after  that,  as  that  he  caught  the  fish  again. 
rsrf^C^r  ^ifa  sffrF  (Sfcrfa  When  he  fell  asleep 
(lit.  had  fallen  asleep),  I  went  downstairs. 
C*T  STlTf?  *T?  ^rffsr  ^<i|r^«nl*<   After  he  went  away  (i.e. 
after  his  going),  I  went  to  sleep  (lit.  I  had  gone  to  sleep), 
implying  that  something  else  happened  after  that. 
x.   The  future  is  used  as  in  English. 

xi.  The  conditional  requires  *UK  'if,'  ^T^fa  'when,'  or  some 
similar  word  before  it,  and  in  the  subjunctive  clause  ^SC^,  ^5" 
'then,  in  that  case,'  or  some  similar  word;  as  T^fa  *tfif 
f^TS-T  T|  f£(,«\  ^STtfsT  SltirsT^'  '  If  he  had  given  me  the  bag,  then 
(lit.  that  having  been)  I  would  have  held  it.'  This  phrase  ^t^1 
R.^C«l,  contracted  to  ^1  ^C^l,  is  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and  is 
pronounced  so  rapidly  as  to  sound  like  two  syllables  only,  ta'le. 

Without  *ilif  this  tense  indicates  habit  or  custom;  as  tal"*  'STT? 
rfpfsn^-T  ^(fa  <£fllT^  ^[ci^f*  He  used  generally  to  throw  it 
away,  and  I  used  to  pick  it  up. 

xii.  The  correct  use  of  the  indefinite  and  definite  perfects,  and 
of  the  pluperfect,  is  very  difficult  to  acquire,  as  it  differs  very 
much  from  the  English  use  of  those  tenses.  Whenever  an  action 
has  taken  place,  ever  so  recently,  it  is  expressed  by  a  past  tense 
of  some  sort,  in  contrast  to  the  English  idiom,  which  regards  events 

E 


50  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

very  recently  passed  as  present.  Thus  'I  understand  what  you 
say,'  would  be  'STf^ffr  *Tt^1  «f«lGei«<  ^1  ^ifa  S,facn}*<  'I  under- 
stood what  you  said/  The  past  tense  is  even  used  for  a  future 
event,  when  it  is  so  near  that  it  may  almost  be  regarded  as  having 
taken  place;  thus  '^ST^Tt^  *T?T^5 


They  are  coming  to  seize  me,  I  am  off  !  (lit.  I  have  gone.)  No 
amount  of  examples  would  put  these  idioms  clearly  before  the  stu- 
dent, but  they  are  easily  acquired  by  practice. 

xiii.  On  the  other  hand,  some  Bengali  authors  make  free  use 
of  the  historic  present,  as  it  is  called,  expressing  past  events  by 
the  indefinite  present.  This  is,  however,  hardly  yet  an  established 
practice  of  the  language,  but  rather  a  mannerism  peculiar  to  cer- 
tain writers. 

xiv.  The  infinitive  is  by  origin  a  present  participle,  and  retains 
that  sense  in  some  cases,  chiefly  in  phrases  where  continuance  or 
progressive  action  is  implied;  as 

Ttft  ^ifac!  The  woman  came  home 


crying  as  she  came  (lit.  weeping  weeping  came). 

Father  was  taken  ill  while 


eating  his  dinner  (lit.  food  taking  taking  became  unwell). 
But  far  more  usual  is  the  infinitive  sense  ;  as 

5J|  <J?f<lG^  ^  srf^  The  enemy  does  not  fear  to 
murder  him. 

The  wretched  man  wanted  to  weep. 


In   the  phrase  f*f»T  STff%£\5  ^rflf  ^  'work  -while  it  is  day,' 
is  the  present  participle  (lit.  day  remaining  work  do),  but 
this  usage  is  rare. 

xv.  The  past  participle  in  ^Tl  and  that  in  ^Cd  are  both  used 
as  conjunctives,  i.e.  in  the  sense  of  'having  done.'  The  difference 
between  them  is,  that  when  the  subject  of  the  past  participle  is  the 
same  as  that  of  the  finite  verb,  ^*t1  is  used,  when  different 
thus 


REMARKS  ON  THE   VERB   IN  GENERAL.  51 

The  king  having  seen  him,  said  'to-day  I  cannot  go.'     Here 
it  is  the  king  who  both  sees  and  speaks. 

»T|  (tffeftcT  <3TtsrT<[  *TC»T  ^?  ^*  RlT  Not  having  seen 
Earn,  in  my  mind  there  is  great  distress.  Here  'l,'  under- 
stood, is  the  subject  of  '  having  seen/  but  ^£  '  distress  '  is 
the  subject  of  the  finite  verb  3^T. 

With  the  conjunction  ^  added,  the  participle  in  -He  means  'even 
though,'  'although  ;  '  as  *U^G<n  ^  f%fr  <Tt"^t  «R  '  Even  though  he 
has  eaten,  he  is  not  content.'  The  phrase 


CWf*RT5  ^Tf^irl  SHIT  is  idiomatic,  and  hardly  translatable. 
It  means  '  that  article  or  that  kind  of  stuff  may  be  found  in  Calcutta 
by  searching'  (lit.  'having  seen  is  found  to  see').  This  implies 
that  the  article  is  rare,  but  may  be  found  in  some  shops  with  a 
good  deal  of  searching  for  it.  So  also  (*ttf§F£=T  ^  (*tTfeF3  *flf? 
Even  having  searched,  I  can  search,'  implying  that  he  does  not 
think  he  will  find  it,  but  he  has  no  objection  to  hunt  for  it. 

xvi.  The  three  verbal  nouns  <?<l1,  <n<l3l,  and  ^?1  are  not  used 
indifferently.   To  indicate  the  act  of  doing,  the  first  is  employed  ;  thus 
<?<d  ai^ltt^f  The  committing  of  murder  is  a  great  sin. 

<?P<1*11  Wl  ^fi>3  ^?  ^Tl  For  you  to  speak  in  this 
way  is  not  proper  (lit.  the  speaking  of  you). 

(<n|c<?<l  ^FW  The  performance  of  religious 
actions  is  the  business  of  great  people. 

is  only  used  in  the  genitive  case,  usually  with  the  post- 
position «tC^  '  for  the  sake  of,'  or  another  noun  ;   as 

«T|  At  the  time  of 


(his)  committing  suicide  he  was  not  in  his  right  mind. 
T5  <i?r<l<l<l  %^Ta^«»  ^  He  is  not  fitted  for  fighting. 

f*T^T<[  W&  ^dr^\y\in  I  came  to  see  (lit.  for  the  sake 
of  seeing). 


?  *f«tj  CTf<rt<[  'Sraf  C*T5  %tt  I  must  go  to  give  the  patient 
his  food. 


52  BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 

<?<l*t  is  a  high  Sanskrit  word,  and  is  only  used  in  composition 
with  other  words,  as  <"U<?<lcl  '  bringing  into  subjection  ;  '  ^{TlT^ 
'for  the  sake  of  doing.'  In  the  higher  style,  such  a  phra.se  as 
<£  <IC1<[  «?G^f,  instead  of  «?I<1<1<1  'for  the  sake  of  doing,'  is  met 
with,  but  it  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  become  current  in  the  lan- 
guage, and  is  not  often  heard  in  ordinary  conversation,  except  among 
the  learned.  Even  in  literature  it  is  generally  used  in  connexion 
with  a  Sanskrit  noun  ;  as 

For  the  sake  of  making  an  investigation. 
For  the  sake  of  exculpation. 


§  10.     REMARKS  ON  THE  DEFECTIVE  AND 
AUXILIARY    VERBS. 


i.  The  verb  Stt^  'stop,  remain,'  is  used  both  singly  and  as  an 
auxiliary.    When  used  singly,  it  means  to  stop  or  remain,  and  some- 
times to  do  a  thing  at  intervals.     The  following  sentences,  some  of 
which  are  highly  idiomatic,  will  illustrate  its  use  :  — 
i.  Singly: 

<i|«rfC»T  *ffa  You  stop  here. 

3FT*T  »rr^  There  is  no  good  stopping  here  (C^C^  for 


1  I  do  stay 

there  it  is  true,  but  I  don't  notice  anything  (*t*T?(  corrupted 
from  Arabic  -la.  'news,  information'). 

rrC-f  C*t^  By  my  head  I  pray  you  stop  there  ! 
lit.  *eat  my  head!'  an  expression  used  by  women 
in  urgent  supplication  —  C*t^  vulgar  for  STf^). 

<fsi*J  What  is  it  you  keep  saying  every  now 
and  then?  (lit.  '  stopping  stopping,'  i.e.  at  intervals). 

^|  While  life  lasts  I  will  not  do  this. 
«nf^  «r|  I  have  stopped  here  to- 
day, but  I  won't  stop  to-morrow. 


REMARKS  ON  THE  DEFECTIVE  AND  AUXILIARY  VERBS.    53 

As  long  as  you  stop  here 
it  is  impossible  for  me  to  go  away. 
ST|  *Tfr3F  3F*ft£sT,  ^Tffsr  Oifa«l3r  (F^)  Whatever  befalls  I  am 

<K  (S. 

going  (lit.  'whatever  remains  on  my  forehead,'  from  the  idea 
of  a  man's  destiny  being  written  on  his  forehead). 
ii.  As  an  auxiliary: 

<3F|   (lrU*t<l   fa*!*}    ^TcT  ^  ^|f*<   WC?  StTfo  Although  it  is 
wrong,  I  keep  on  doing  it  (  <?G<1  for  <PI<l^1). 

I  believe 


you  get  something  from  him  every  month. 

iR  ^T5  ^STUT  ^7?  «(T^^4  I  used  to  do  it  almost  always. 
*fa  <T|f3  ^rrf^  ""HR  ^fWl   «TttW^r  Last  night  I  slept  all 
night  (in  answer  to  a  question,  What  were  you  doing  last 
night  ?). 

The  future  ^tfa,  as  an  auxiliary,  expresses  uncertainty  or  proba- 
bility, not  habit;  as 

3?f?r?n  «tTfr5  I  may  have  done  that  (i.  e.  I  daresay 
I  did). 

?  (If  *M 


If  I  had  gone  there  I  should  have  met  him. 

«Tl  I  used 


generally  to  read  Sanskrit,  but  I  do  not  read  it  now. 
Go  on  with  this  work. 


It  may  be  added,  that  SfT^  is  used  only  in  the  tenses  of  which 
illustrations  have  been  given  above. 

2.  The  verb  <HT  'to  stay,'  so  much  used  in  Hindustani,  is  not 
much  employed  in  Bengali,  having  been  almost  entirely  superseded 
by  STf^.  It  is  used  in  poetry,  and  colloquially  in  a  few  phrases, 
such  as 

<rf^T3  *fff?  ^1  I  cannot  stop. 

<ff^T3  Ff^  I  wish  to  stop  here. 


54  BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 


fa  You  can  stop. 
<U^G>>S  |Vf<  »T|  I  will  not  let  you  stop  (lit.  I  will  not  give  to  stop). 

3.  The  curious  word  <G&,  which  is  really  a  verb  (from  Sanskrit 
«}Ttn  'it  becomes'),  is  used  only  in  the  present  indefinite,  and  is 
seldom  found  except  in  the  third  person  singular.  It  is  regularly 
conjugated  ;  thus 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  TP  "W 

2.  TuN  ^b 

3.  ~$&>  <Cb»< 

It  is  generally  added  to  verbs  in  all  tenses,  with  the  sense  of 
strongly  confirming  or  emphasizing  an  assertion,  like  the  English 
'really,'  'indeed,'  'I  assure  you,'  'certainly.'  Thus 

^  »T|  I  do  it  indeed, 
but  I  derive  no  benefit  (from  doing  it). 

|  You  are  doing 


that  no  doubt,  but  nothing  will  come  of  it. 


I  did  indeed  go  there,  but  I  did  not  meet  with  him  (lit.  did 
not  see  with  him,  or  there  was  not  a  seeing  with  him). 
Tft»r  f^«T  ~3£$  f%U  C^t*rr?T  (*t«T  <r«ld^  ^ftf?  ^  Yes  !  he 
was  here  certainly,  but  I  can't  say  where  he  has  gone. 

^  C^T»T  ^"fa  ^T  f%  TRT5^  I  can  go  if  you 
wish  it,  but  I  doubt  if  anything  will  come  of  it. 

*rflf  ^\fa  <4F|  <pf<l^t*<  This  would  assuredly 
have  happened  if  I  had  done  so. 

It  is  used  singly,  to  indicate  surprise  or  doubt,  as  well  as  strong 
assertion  ;  as 

^fsT  f%  t$F|  ^?HJ  What!  are  you  doing  this  ? 
($t»(t<l  f%  ^  ^T  What  !  is  this  your  doing  ? 

What!  are  you  the  man?  (lit.  are  you  he?) 


COMPOUND  VERBS.  55 

?ZT>  Oh  yes  !  he  is  there. 

^sl^ln  •^Tsf  nf  ^1  Oh  indeed!  what  is  your  name?  (this 
is  almost  untranslatable,  it  is  used  in  addressing  equals  or 
inferiors,  and  implies  a  certain  amount  of  doubt  or  hesitation 
in  asking.) 

«ci?»<  "Who  are  you,  please  ? 

4.  ^S'T,  when  used  as  an  auxiliary,  implies  necessity  ;  as  *T|"^G"\5 
^T  '  (I,  you,  he,  etc.)  must  go.'     When  the  pronoun  is  expressed  it 
is  put  in  the  dative  case  ;  as  ''srfsrtt^r  *ff^3f5T  ~^J£5  ^T  '  I  must 
work  hard'  (lit.  '  to  me  labour  to  do  there  is  ').     It  is  used  through- 
out all  the  tenses,  though  some  are  more  rarely  used  than  others  ; 
thus  ^ifilC^  ^5T  '(I)  was  obliged  to  come;'  C^t^ic<P  ^f^RTS 
^G<  'you  must  sit  (and  wait).'     It  is  used  always  with  the  infini- 
tive of  the  leading  verb,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  above  examples. 

5.  ^Ic^,  on  the  contrary,  when  used  with  the  infinitive  of  another 
verb,  implies  the  power  to  do,  or  the  option  of  doing,  generally  with 
the  idea  involved  that  it  will  be  better  to  do  it.    Thus 


means  'you  may  do,'  'you  can  do  it  if  you  like,'  'you  had  better  do;' 
as  <2ft«1»f  fjfStG"^  fr*m  f<«!^  <?r<lG^  ^Ue*  '  Widow  marriage  is 
permitted  (or  legal)  for  Christians.'  It  is,  however,  not  very  fre- 
quently used. 

l^d,  when  used  as  an  auxiliary,  implies  that  an  action  was  to 
be  done,  had  to  be  done,  or  was  necessary  for  the  completion  of 
some  affair.  <?I<IG^  l^«l  (to  be  distinguished  from  ^I^G^l^si,  the 
imperfect  of  the  regular  verb)  implies  '  it  remained  to  be  done,'  it 
had  to  be  done.'  This  is  also  of  somewhat  rare  occurrence. 

§  11.     COMPOUND   VERBS. 

Some  verbs,  of  very  frequent  use,  are  added  to  all  other  verbs  in 
the  language  to  modify  their  meaning  slightly,  thus  forming  what 
are  called  frequentatives,  permissives,  and  so  forth.  In  this  case 
only  the  latter  of  the  two  verbs  is  conjugated,  the  former  remaining 


56  BENGALI   GEAMMAR. 

either  in  the  infinitive  or  conjunctive  participle.     The  following  are 
the  combinations  in  ordinary  use  :  — 

i.  *ft?*l.  Is  added  to  verbs  in  the  infinitive  to  indicate  '  being 
able;'  thus  Ctf*JT3  ^trf?  'I  can  see;'  ^F3  *Tft<r  »T|  'he  cannot 
get  up  ;'  lifsr  fa  *TT^3  ^ff^C?'  'will  you  be  able  to  go  ?'  or  less 
literally  can  you  go?'  The  future  of  this  verb  is  often  used  where 
in  English  the  present  would  be  used,  as  in  the  last-quoted  in- 
stance, and  as  in  ^ifa  f%|[t  ftfC^  Tf^  *H  'I  cannot  give  (you) 
anything.' 

ii.  C**41*!**.  Literally  'to  throw,'  is  used  to  imply  doing  a  thing 
completely,  or  finishing  a  thing,  or  even  doing  anything  very 
much;  as 

Boy  !  now  eat  up  (your  dinner), 


meaning  'make  haste  and  finish  your  meal  while  I  am  doiiig 
something  else.' 

ITfifT  ^T-5  (3?£w  C*PC«1C^  Hari  has  cut  his  hand  very  badly 
(C^Gl?  colloquial  for  <?ily*l1),  as  though  one  said  '  he  has  cut 
it  off  aud  thrown  it  away  !  ' 

iii.  ^0*.  Literally  '  to  rise,'  implies  also  growth,  completion, 
and  is  used  where  in  English  the  preposition  '  up  '  would  be  em- 
ployed ;  as  in 

^srfST  1?1  ^  <Tfc3?  sn:9J^  C*fiT3F  W«T  The  mango  has  ripened 
in  one  night,  as  we  might  say  'ripened  up;'  ((*!£<?  colloquial 
for  *iil<?<l1.) 

1  C?f«t^5  ^  (TT  ~^S  ^7?T  ^fecf  The  boy  has  grown  up 
very  quickly  (lit.  while  looking  at  him). 

TM  <f$5  ^t^TH  C^t^T  ^ZjFS  ^i|f<l<:<»<  ST|  The  people  will 
not  be  able  to  eat  up  all  this  food. 

iv.  *1^"J.     Literally  'to  fall,'  with  verbs  of  motion,  indicates 
suddenness,  hurry,  doing  anything  at  once  ;  as 
5  Come  down  (quickly)  ! 


COMPOUND  VERBS.  57 

The 


physician  came  hurrying  in  in  a  minute. 

^*r«rK  ^TC^  C*Tf^  frftlT  *tfi53r  Suddenly  a  lot  of  people 
rushed  to  the  spot. 

v.  Ot^.    'To  give,'  used  in  the  sense  of  allowing,  suffering,  per- 
mitting ;  as 

^  C?  C^CcT  T?1  C^  C^^Ccf  fiF*T  »T|  Ho  you!  don't  let  the  child 

fall  (said  to  a  servant  holding  a  child  in  his  arms). 
C^lG<?  *Tf^5  fr?:  ^fl  I  will  not  allow  you  to  go. 

vi.  ^Tf^*?.     'To  go'  has  a  peculiar  meaning  only  with  the  verb 
;  thus  fsfr  &facd»<  merely  means  'he  went,'  but  fsfr  t>fci*l1 
'he  went  away,'  i.e.  out  of  sight. 

vii.  9(Tv8»r.    Literally  'to  find'  used  to  mean  succeeding  in  doing, 
managing  to  do  a  thing  ;    as 

(^l^ic<i?  flF*{?T5  *ff^r?n  Wt?  ^,^,  W«T  It  was  a  difficult  matter 
to  get  sight  of  you  (lit.  the  finding  to  see  you  rose  up  a 
difficulty). 

^Tffsr  ^?«f|Z»f  Ctftt  WF5  *ft$  *T|  If  I  go  there  I  shall  not  suc- 
ceed in  earning  my  living  (lit.  I  shall  not  find  to  eat). 

viii.  crf5t»f.     Sometimes,  as  in  Hindustani,  means  beginning  to 
do  anything;  as 

i  seized 


him  and  the  schoolmaster  began  to  beat  him. 
Often,  however,  it  has  merely  the  sense  of  continuance,  or  simply 
of  doing  anything  which  spreads  over  some  time  ;  as 

3T|  fttS"  SfF5  T5HT5  cTNcf  ^5TT?[  ^ifa   ^\C^>  cTff^fcTtf    My 

mother  rubbed  (went  on  rubbing)  my  limbs  with  her  hands 

and  I  slept  (went  on  sleeping). 

ix.  FT^.  This  word,  which  is  only  used  in  this  one  form,  is  said 
to  be  the  present  tense  of  ^1  to  wish.'  It  looks,  however,  more  like 
a  contraction  of  the  Hindustani  jkl*.,  with  which  it  agrees  in 


58  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

meaning.     It  is  used  with  the  infinitive  or  verbal  noun.     The  former 
denotes  more  urgency  than  the  latter.     Thus 


(  =  5fl      csr)  stT^Tfl  sj^  ^1  YOU 

ought  to  bring  some  fish,  otherwise  there  will  be  nothing  to  eat. 

^tft  ^rfTTt  Ff^  To-day  you  ought  to 
corne  to  my  house. 


CHAPTER    V. 

THE  PARTICLES. 

§  12.     ADVERBS. 

Adverbs  are  formed  either  from  pronouns  or  from  nouns.  The 
former,  or  pronominal  adverbs,  fall  into  a  regular  threefold  sequence, 
derived  from  the  five  pronominal  types,  and  expressing  time,  place, 
and  manner.  The  following  table  contains  the  principal  words  of 
each  type: — 


Class. 

Time. 

Place. 

Manner. 

Near  demonstrative 
type  <3 

*SK,  4«R 
now 

<4*m:5T,  <*i«n 

here 

dPCT 

in  this  way,  thus 

Far  demonstrative 
type  * 

wanting 

•«*tt<^,  *«n 

there 

^?IT^j  qs^R 
in  that  way 

Relative 
type  *T  (C*T) 

*nr?r,  WT 

when 

or^rrc^j^tnr 

where 

C^PH,  (*& 
in  what  manner,  as 

Correlative 
type  ^5  (C*0 

^T3",  ^5*& 
then 

fyr«rf(^,^«rnr 

there 

C5*R 
in  that  way,  so 

Interrogative 
type  3F 

3FT3",  ^*R 
when? 

C^WlT 
where  ? 

C^SR 

how? 

In  addition  to  the  above,  which  are  the  ordinary  colloquial  and 
literary  forms,  there  is  a  great  variety  of  other  forms,  which  are 


60  BENGALI   GRAMMAR. 

either  compounds  of  the  pronominal  type  with  a  noun  in  the  locative 
case,  or  Sanskrit  forms  brought  into  use  in  modern  times.    Thus 
i.  Here,  ^\(.«,  ^"^TcT  (lit.  in  this   place)  ;    in  this  way, 


ii.  When,  Wl,  ^^^t=T,  CS;  where,  (^dc1,*T«lt^tH  •  as, 


iii.  Then,  Wl,  ^5*H<?|<1,   W<d1,  ^«RT^;    there, 
thus,  v5«T|. 

iv.  When?  Wl,  3FW«1,  fa*K«l,  C^Tfa  ^HT;  wftere? 

;  how  ?  fef^. 

v.   Why?  is  expressed  by  C<?*<  or  HF. 
vi.  An  ^  is  often  added  to  the  series  of  manner,  thus 

and  an  ^   to  <i)<R  and   C^t^HT,    thus 


vii.  The  series  hence,  whence,  thence,  whence?  is  expressed  by  adding 
the  sign  of  the  ablative  to  the  series  of  place,  omitting  the  final  e  ; 
thus  hence,  <4«fl»f  C^H^  or  ^9G^»;  whence,  (*r*Tf»t  (*ft&;  thence, 
C^T^tT^  C«H^;  whence?  C^t^tl  C^H^,  contracted  C^l  C*t£3F. 

viii.  The  series  hither,  thither,  etc.,  is  either  expressed  by  the 
series  of  place,  or  by  adding  the  word  iKC^t  (lit.  '  in  direction  ')  ; 
as  <3flT£*t  'hither,'  'in  this  direction;'  C^rfpfStf  'thither;'  C^fffCtf 
'  whither  ?  ' 

Nominal  adverbs  are  either  pure  Sanskrit  words  in  the  nomina- 
tive, locative  or  ablative  cases,  or  modern  Bengali  nouns  used  ad- 
verbially. Their  number  is  infinite.  A  few  of  those  most  commonly 
used  are  here  given  :  — 

i.  Time. 

daily. 

suddenly. 
at  last.  STfa^  so  long  as. 


Sansk.  )  ^ST?"^  so  long. 

Beng.  j  °  fifW  by  day. 


ADVERBS. 


61 


daily. 

yesterday,  to-morrow, 
at  any  time,  ever, 
constantly, 
afterwards, 
day  before  yesterday, 
day  after  to-morrow. 

ii.  Place. 

before  (in  front  of). 


i-  down,  below. 


again, 
at  night. 
*1<?tGef  in  the  morning. 

/    always  (these  two  are 
j      often  used  together). 

suddenly. 


within  (inside). 
without  (outside). 
below. 
far. 
^  in  front  of(pM 

in  presence  of. 
above. 


near, 
here. 

elsewhere, 
iii.  Manner. 
very. 

very. 

excessively, 
a  little, 
much. 
*.  by  degrees. 

Many  adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives  by  adding  WC^f  (lit. 
'in  form'),  as  <(,•** <l3<G*f  'beautifully,'  or  ^G^  (lit.  'according  to'), 
as  C^H^G^  'in  anv  way.' 

i/  t/ 

Under  the  head  of  adverbs  may  be  classed  the  words  used  in 
the  multiplication  table,  'once,'  twice,'  and  so  on;  thus 

Off     Once  one  is  one. 
Ff<[  Twice  two  are  four. 


n  van. 
almost. 

accidentally. 
^  separately. 

mutually. 
quickly. 


62  BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 

Three  times  three  are  nine. 
<l  (*Tt«T  Four  times  four  are  sixteen. 

^TlF^f        Five  times  five  are  twenty-five. 

Six  times  six  are  thirty-six, 
't  Seven  times  seven  are  forty-nine. 
Eight  times  eight  are  sixty-four. 
Nine  times  nine  are  eighty-one. 
Jf*f  if  "1^1  ""T5  Ten  times  ten  are  one  hundred. 

Beyond  this  the  numeral  adverb  is  formed  regularly  by  adding 
as  <3*tt<l5f  '  eleven  times,'  <1<l»(  '  twelve  times,'  and  so  on. 


§  13.    PREPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions,  properly  so  called,  that  is,  particles  placed  before 
another  word,  are  inseparable.  There  are  no  prepositions  of  this 
kind  in  modern  Bengali,  but  the  Sanskrit  words  which  have  been 
so  freely  introduced  into  the  modern  language  comprise  a  large 
number  of  nouns  in  which  prepositions  are  compounded.  Although 
the  study  of  these  prepositions  belongs  more  properly  to  the  Sanskrit 
language,  yet  as  words  containing  them  are  of  very  frequent  occur- 
rence, even  in  ordinary  colloquial  Bengali,  it  will  be  useful  for  the 
student  to  be  acquainted  with  the  general  meaning  of  the  commonest 
among  them.  They  correspond  in  meaning  and  the  method  of  their 
application  to  Latin  prepositions,  such  as  cum  (con,  co-),  pre,  pro, 
sub,  super,  dis,  and  the  like,  and  can  never  be  used  separately. 

^fa  over,  as  in  ^fa^ln  'power,  possession,'  '•Sl'Sf^5  'a  ruler, 
governor,'  ^^^9^5  'acquired,  attained.' 

^T$;  after,  as  ^T5T^«j  'imitation'  (lit.  'making  after'),  ^t^t><l 
'a  follower,'  ^S^hS  'permission,'  ^5^*1^1^  'searching  after.' 

^^  °ff,  implies  detraction  or  taking  away,  as  ^T*1  < I *T  accusa- 
tion, libel,'  ^*W»t  'disgrace,'  !;5r<!>r<fT<  'crime.' 


PREPOSITIONS.  63 


towards,  as  ^[^^TiTT  '  design,  object  '  (lit.  '  advancing  to- 
wards'), ^U^^ff  'pride,  conceit,'  ^I^G^l^  'application.' 

down,  implies  deterioration,  as  N°«^€  'deteriorated,  spoilt,' 
'state,  condition'  (lit.  'settling  down').     In  ^A^sjfl  'incar- 

nation '  there  is  no  sense  of  depreciation,  the  word  literally  means 

'passing  downwards.' 

f  up  (in  composition    takes  also  the  forms  ^^  and 
'industry,  effort,'  ^3f3  'promotion,  elevation,' 
'arising  from,  production.' 

*f  near,  next  to,  implies  a  secondary  or  subordinate  condition, 
as  ^"Wfs  'a  paramour'  (lit.  'a  sub-husband'),  ^>*f?Tf*t?  'a  bay' 
(i.e.  'a  sub-sea'),  ^*tTl  'comparison.' 

~%o  badly  (in  composition  takes  also  the  forms  fc^l,  *.*[}  '%**),  as 
«kfit>l<l  'wicked,'  '%°'5i5J  'intolerable,'  ^<1<^I  'distress,' 
'famine,'  "5^?  'difficult.' 

T»T  downwards,   has  also  the  idea  of  completeness,  as 
'falling,  death,'  M<l<lc(  'prohibition,'  l*<C*l%[  'prevention,  restric- 
tion,' [»<C<it»<  'petition,  representation.' 

fro  without,  in  the  sense  of  not  having,  being  free  from  (in  com- 
position also  fr?,  fr?T,  fr*T),  as  fa  C  if  1^1  '  innocent,  faultless,'  fr- 
'free  from  anxiety,'  fa^<l  'free  from  taxes.' 

back,  as  9f<Tt'^r  'resistance,  strength,'  ^0t*<*f  'advice, 
caution'  (lit.  'holding  back'),  ^T?1<x€"f  'returning.' 

around,  conveys  sometimes  the  sense  of  completeness,  as 
«t  'quite  full,'  *if<l<>e5T  'exchange,  equivalent'  (lit.  'turning 
round'),  ^lifKlil  'family  and  servants'  (as  it  were  'surroundings'), 
'measure/ 


>£r  before,  forth,  as  >2|<?|H  '  display,  appearance,'  as  an  adjective, 
'  clear,  visible,  manifest'  (lit.  'shining  forth'),  (Sf^TP^  '  bowing,  saluta- 
tion' (lit.  'bending  before'),  <£fcT3'  'affection.' 


64  BENGALI  GRAMMAR. 


back,  towards,  as  <2fF5W|  'promise,  declaration/ 
'adversary,'  <2jT3^ffcT*?  'maintaining,  nourishing,  protecting,' 
Tflft  '  a  defendant,  respondent  (in  law).' 

fa  apart,  as  I<4?«T  'confused,'  l<^t(  'sale,  barter,'  fa^Dt^  'cele- 
l>rated,'  l<t?1<l  'decision,  judgment,'  f«93l*R  'proclamation,'  fr- 
*ft?  'dismissal,  permission  to  depart,'  fa^Rffa  'opposed  to,'  r«t*f 
'dispute.' 

^T\  with,  together  (takes  also  the  forms  T'S,  *t^J,  and  *1«^),  as 
^rattf  'union,'  >iHF^  'wealth,'  f&T5*  'meeting,'  ^SpTT  'collec- 
tion,' '3T^€  'pleased,  satisfied,'  T^[J|  'evening,'  ^l^tlt  'news.' 

"^  well,  as  ^StJlrS  '  good  reputation,'  "^.<^^  'easily  obtainable,' 
'good  report.' 


In  the  modern  language  prepositions  are  replaced  by  postposi- 
tions, that  is,  they  are  put  after  the  noun,  which  is  in  the  genitive 
case,  and  are  separate,  not  joined  to  the  noun.  The  following  are 
the  principal  ones  :  — 


,  on  account  of. 

before. 


)  *H^^  instead  of. 

according  to.  ^^faT^  as  far  as. 


within.  fTg[  behind. 

above.  *£ff^  towards. 

near,  beside.  <1i^C<l  without,  outside  of. 
^.  close  to,  alongside  of.      I<*IC*1  respecting. 

below,  under.  I^^SGH  inside  of. 

by  means  of.  STCU  in  the  midst  of,  among. 

for  the  sake  of.  ?KW  with. 

below.  *1*FU*T  with,  together  with. 

near.  ftf^S  with. 


CONJUNCTIONS  AND   INTERJECTIONS.  65 

§  14.    CONJUNCTIONS. 

Copulative  conjunctions  are  — 

and.  ^C<  then,  consequently. 

and.  ^Ttf*f  yet,  nevertheless. 

)  ^5T  even  then,  notwithstanding 

>  also,  moreover. 

)  <5(»r*S  again. 

,  also,  moreover.  ^5J)^  therefore. 

likewise.  (*&  in  order  that,  whereby. 

likewise.  ^Wfc  that  is  to  say,  i.e. 

if.  C^^Tl  because. 

if.  "^Tf  N  or  ^5?t^  consequently 

r  although.  ^S^rtf^f  even  then. 

if  so  be.  ^«H  and,  also. 

These  are  the  most  common,  but  there  are  others  of  less  frequent 
use  for  which  the  student  is  referred  to  the  dictionary. 

Disjunctives  are  — 

but.  •rf^ScT  ) 

)  C^TCer    J 

I  or- 

J  ^W«T|  otherwise. 


or.  »fZrP^  but  if  not,  perhaps  not. 

or.  ^TT—  •<?,$  neither  -nor. 

or.  ?rf^  «T|  unless. 

except.    . 


.„ 

if  not,  otherwise. 

)  r«^  besides. 


§  15.    INTERJECTIONS. 

Many  of  these  have  been  given  in  Chapter  II  under  the  vocative. 
The  language  delights  in  monosyllables  of  all  sorts,  stuck  in  here 
and  there  with  more  or  less  indefinite  meanings.  It  would  be  im- 

F 


66  BENGALI  GBAMMAB. 

possible  to  put  on  paper  all  the  half-pronounced  sounds  and  obscure 
utterances  which — in  the  mouth  of  the  Bengali  peasant  (and  it  might 
also  be  said,  the  peasant  of  most  countries) — do  duty  for  articulate 
speech. 

^Tl,  ^,  4  correspond  to  the  English  Ho,  Hi,  Hullo!  also  to 
Oh !  and  Ah !  So  also  C^,  ?tt<t,  and  many  others. 

^T*f£<r  O  father!'  is  used  to  express  astonishment,  pain,  dis- 
approval ;  Tf§  Tfo  or  Tt^  Tt^,  which  is  more  Hindustani  than 
Bengali,  expresses  admiration. 

9,0,  ^§,  'pain'  (may  also  be  written  ^,  ^S^). 
1,  pain,  also  pity,  'alas!  alas!' 

O  mother!'  (like  Tf*f£?),  distress,  amaze- 
ment, and  the  like. 

admiration,  'well  done!' 

(from  the  Persian  ^ib  ^Li.  '  be  joyful ! ')  or  corruptly 
*1<1*1  admiration,  '  well  done ! '  '  Hurrah ! '  also  encouragement. 

or  ie^^ ^.  reproof,  disgust,  'fie! '  'how  nasty! '  ' for  shame ! ' 
or  ^1  O  sudden  warning  or  alarm,  'take  care!' 
,  *,  etc./yes!' 


INDEX 


Ablative     case,    terminations     of, 

page  1 6. 

Accusative  case,  terminations  of,  16. 
Achchhe,  conjugated,  40. 
Achchhe,  use  of,  40 
Added  words — to  nouns,  22. 
Added  words — to  numerals,  30. 
Adjectives,  comparison  of,  25. 
Adverbs,  pronominal,  59. 
Adverbs  of  manner,  61. 
Adverbs  of  place,  61. 
Adverbs  of  time,  60. 
Adverbs  of  multiplication,  61. 
Anka-phala,  3. 
Apan,  use  of,  33. 
Apani,  use  of,  33. 
Aska-phala,  3. 

Auxiliary  verbs,  conjugated,  39. 
Auxiliary  verbs,  remarks  on,  40. 
Avyayibhdva  compounds,  14. 

BaJiuvrihi  compounds,  14. 

Cardinal  numerals,  26. 
Causal  verbs,  45. 
Chandrabindu,  4. 
Classes  of  verbs,  38. 
Comparison  of  adjectives,  25. 


Compound  verbs,  55. 
Compound  passive  verbs,  43. 
Conjugation  of  verb,  38. 
Conjunctions,  copulative,  65. 
Conjunctions,  disjunctive,  65. 
Conjunctive  participle,  use  of,  44. 
Consonants,  forms  of,  2. 
Consonants,  pronunciation  of,  7. 
Consonants,  compound,  3,  4. 
Consonants,  compound,   pronuncia- 
tion of,  7,  9. 

Contracted  forms  of  verbs,  46. 
Correlative  pronoun,  35. 

Dative  case,  terminations  of,  16. 
Declension  of  substantives,  15. 
Defective  verbs,  40. 
Demonstrative  pronoun,  near,  34. 
Demonstrative  pronoun,  remote,  35. 
Deon,  conjugated,  46. 
Dvandva  compounds,  13. 
compounds,  13. 


Fractions,  forms  of,  4. 
Fractional  numerals,  28. 

gacKh,  after  numerals,  30. 
Genitive  case,  terminations  of,  16. 


68 


INDEX. 


ffochhd,  after  nouns,  23. 
gotd,  after  numerals,  29. 
guchchdr,  after  nouns,  23. 
«7M^t,  after  numerals,  29. 

Hasanta,  4,  5. 
H&on,  conjugated,  46. 

Indefinite  pronouns,  35. 
Instrumental  case,  terminations  of, 

1 6. 

Interjections,  65. 
Interrogative  pronouns,  35. 
Ishwara,  4. 

Karmadhdraya  compounds,  13. 
khan,  after  nouns  and  numerals,  30. 
khdnik,  after  nouns,  23. 

Locative  case,  terminations  of,  16. 

Nominative  case  singular,  termina- 
tions of,  1 6. 

Nominative  case  plural,  terminations 
of,  1 6. 

Numerals,  forms  of,  4. 

Ordinal  numerals,  28. 


Participles,  44. 
Passive  verbs,  43. 
Postpositions,  31. 
Prepositions,  62. 
Pronouns,  personal,  31. 
Pronouns,  other,  34. 
Pronouns,  Sanskritic,  36. 

Eelative  pronouns,  35. 

Remarks  on  the  verb  in  general,  47. 

Samdsa  or  composition,  12. 
Sandhi  of  consonants,  12. 
Sandhi  of  vowels,  u. 

id,  after  nouns,  22. 
Tatpurusha  compounds,  13. 
than,  after  numerals,  30. 
ti,  after  nouns,  22. 
tuki,  after  nouns,  22. 
tuku,  after  nouns,  22. 

Vague  numerals,  how  expressed,  30. 
Vocative  case,  terminations  of,  16. 
Vowels,  initial  forms,  I. 
Vowels,  medial  forms,  2. 
Vowels,  pronunciation  of,  5. 


THE    END. 


Clarenbon  l^ress,  ©yforb. 


SELECT   LIST   OF  STANDARD  WORKS. 


DICTIONARIES Page  i. 

LAW       , ,,2. 

HISTORY,  BIOGRAPHY,  ETC 3. 

PHILOSOPHY,  LOGIC,  ETC.     .  ,,6. 

PHYSICAL  SCIENCE ,,7. 


1.    DICTIONARIES. 

A  New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  Prin- 
ciples, founded  mainly  on  the  materials  collected  by  the  Philological 
Society.  Edited  by  James  A.  H.  Murray,  LL.D.  Imperial  4to.  In  Parts, 
price  i2s.  6d.  each. 

Vol.  I  (A  and  B),  half  morocco,  2l.  I2s.  6d. 

Part  IV,  Section  2,  C — CASS,  beginning  Vol.  II,  price  js. 

Part  V,  CAST— CLIVY,  price  I2s.  6d. 

Part  VI,  CLO— CONSIGNEE,  price  I2s.  6d. 

Vol.  Ill,  Part  I,  E— EVEBY,  edited  by  Henry  Bradley,  M.A.,  with 
the  co-operation  of  Dr.  Murray,  price  125.  6d. 

An    Etymological    Dictionary    of    the    English 

Language,  arranged  on  an  Historical  Basis.  By  W.  W.  Skeat,  Litt.D, 
Second  Edition.  4to.  zl.  4$. 

A  Middle-English  Dictionary,  containing  Words  used 

by  English  Writers  from  the  Twelfth  to  the  Fifteenth  Century.  By 
Francis  Henry  Stratmann.  A  new  edition,  re-arranged,  revised,  and 
enlarged  by  Henry  Bradley.  4to,  half-bound,  il.  us.  6d. 

An  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary,  based  on  the  MS.  col- 
lections of  the  late  Joseph  Bosworth,  D.D.  Edited  and  enlarged  by 
Prof.  T.  N.  Toller,  M.A.,  Owens  College,  Manchester.  Parts  I-III. 
A-SAR.  4to,  stiff  covers.  1 55.  each.  Part  IV  (completing  the  Work)  in 
the  Press. 

An  Icelandic-English  Dictionary,  based  on  the  MS. 

collections  of  the  late  Richard  Cleasby.  Enlarged  and  completed  by 
G.  Vigftisson,  M.A.  With  an  Introduction,  and  Life  of  Richard  Cleasby, 
by  G.  Webbe  Dasent,  D.C.L.  4to.  3?.  7s. 

A   Greek-English   Lexicon,  by  H.  G.  Liddell,  D.D., 

and  Robert  Scott,  D.  D.  Seventh  Edition,  Revised  and  Augmented  throughout.  4to. 
il.  1 6s. 

Oxford :  Clarendon  Press.    London  :  HENBT  FKOWDE,  Amen  Corner,  E.G. 


ENGLISH  AND  ROMAN  LA  W. 


An  Intermediate  Greek- English  Lexicon,  founded 

upon  the  Seventh  Edition  of  Liddell  and  Scott's  Greek  Lexicon.     Small 

4to.      i2s.  6d. 

A    Latin    Dictionary,  founded  on   Andrews'   edition   of 

Freund's  Latin  Dictionary,  revised,  enlarged,  and  in  great  part  rewritten 
by  Charlton  T.  Lewis,  Ph.D.,  and  Charles  Short,  LL.D.  4to.  il.  5$. 

A  School  Latin  Dictionary.    By  Charlton  T.  Lewis, 

Ph.D.     Small  4to.     i8s. 

A  Sanskrit-English  Dictionary.    Etymologically  and 

Philologically  arranged,  with  special  reference  to  Greek,  Latin,  German, 
Anglo-Saxon,  English,  and  other  cognate  Indo-European  Languages. 
By  Sir  M.  Monier- Williams,  D.C.L.  4to.  4?.  145.  6d. 

Thesaurus  Syriacus :  collegerunt  Quatremere,  Bernstein, 

Lorsbach,  Arnoldi,  Agrell,  Field,  Roediger:  edidit  R.  Payne  Smith, 
S.T.P.  Vol.  I,  containing  Fasc.  I-V,  sin.  fol.  5?.  53. 

Fasc.  VI.  il.  is.        Fasc.  VII.  il.  us.  6d.        Fasc.  VIII.  il  i6s. 


2.   LAW. 


Anson.      Principles    of    the 

English  Law  of  Contract,  and  of  Agency 
in  its  Relation  to  Contract.  By  Sir  W. 
R.  Anson,  D.C.L.  Sixth  Edition.  8vo. 
los.  6d.  • 

Law  and  Custom  of  the 

Constitution.  Part  I.  Parliament. 
8vo.  i  os.  6d. 

Bentham.     An  Introduction 

to  the  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legislation. 
By  Jeremy  Bentham.  Crown  8vo. 
6s.  6d. 

Digby.     An  Introduction  to 

the  History  of  the  Laic  of  Real  Property. 
By  Kenelm  E.  Digby,  M.A.  Third 
Edition.  8vo.  los.  6d. 

Grueber.    Lex  Aquilia.    The 

Roman  Law  of  Damage  to  Pro- 
perty :  being  a  Commentary  on  the 
Title  of  the  Digest  'Ad  Legem 
Aquiliam'  (ix.  2).  With  an  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  the  Corpus 
luris  Civilis.  By  Erwin  Grueber, 
Dr.  Jur.,  M.A.  8vo.  los.  6d. 


Hall.       International    Law. 

By  W.  E.  Hall,  M.A.  Third  Edition. 
8vo.  2  2s.  6d. 

Holland.  Elements  of  Juris- 
prudence. By  T.E.  Holland,  D.C.L. 

Fifth  Edition.     8vo.     los.  6d. 

The  European   Concert 

in  the  Eastern  Question ;  a  Collection 
of  Treaties  and  other  Public  Acts. 
Edited,  with  Introductions  and 
Notes,  by  T.  E.  Holland,  D.C.L. 
8vo.  i2s.  6d. 

Holland.     Gentilis,  Alberici, 

De  lure  Belli  Libri  Tres.  Edidit  T.  E. 
Holland,  I.C.D.  Small  4to.  half 
morocco,  2  is. 

Holland.  The  Institutes  of 
Justinian,  edited  as  a  recension  of 
the  Institutes  of  Gaius,  by  T.  E. 
Holland,  D.C.L.  Second  Edition. 
Extra  fcap.  8vo.  55. 


Oxford :  Clarendon  Press. 


HISTORY,  BIOGRAPHY,  ETC. 


Holland  and  Shad  well.  Select 
Titles  from  the  Digest  of  Justinian,  By 
T.  E.  Holland,  D.C.L.,  and  C.  L. 
Shadwell,  B.C.L.  8vo.  145. 

Also  sold  in  Parts,  in  paper  covers, 

as  follows : — 

Parti.  Introductory  Titles.  2s.6d. 
Part  II.  Family  Law.     is. 
Part  III.  Property  Law.     as.  6d. 
Part    IV.     Law    of    Obligations 

(No.  i).     35.  6d. 

Part    IV.     Law    of    Obligations 
(No.  2).    43.  6d. 

Markby.     Elements   of  Law 

considered  with  reference  to  Principles  of 
General  Jurisprudence.  By  Sir  William 
Markby,  D.C.L.  Fourth  Edition.  8vo. 
I2s.  6d. 

Moyle.        Imperatoris    lus- 

tiniani  Institutionum  Libri  Quattuor  ; 
with  Introductions,  Commentary, 
Excursus  and  Translation.  By  J.  B. 
Moyle,  D.C.L.  Second  Edition.  2vols. 
8vo.  Vol.  I.  1 6s.  Vol.  II.  6s. 

Pollock    and     Wright.      An 

Essay  on  Possession  in  the  Common  Law. 


By  Sir  F.  Pollock,  M.A.,  and  R.  S. 
Wright,  B.C.L.  (Now  the  Hon.  Mr. 
JUSTICE  WRIGHT).  8vo.  8s.  6d. 

Poste.     Gaii    Institutionum 

Juris  Civilis  Commentarii  Quattuor  ;  or, 
Elements  of  Roman  Law  by  Gaius. 
With  a  Translation  and  Commen- 
tary by  Edward  Poste,  M.A.  Third 
Edition.  8vo.  i8s. 

Raleigh.     An  Outline  of  the 

Law  of  Property.  By  Thos.  Raleigh, 
M.A.  8vo.  7s.  6d. 

Stokes.     The    Anglo-Indian 

Codes.     By  Whitley  Stokes,  LL.D. 

Vol.  I.  Substantive  Law.  8vo.  303. 

Vol.  II.  Adjective  Law.  8vo.  355. 
A  Supplement  to  the  above,  1887- 

1888.     Stiff  covers,  2s.  6d. 

Twiss.     The  Law  of  Nations 

considered  as  Independent  Political  Com- 
munities. By  Sir  Travers  Twiss, 
D.C.L. 

Part  I.  On  the  Rights  and  Duties 
of  Nations  in  time  of  Peace. 
New  Edition.  8vo.  153. 
Part  II.  On  the  Rights  and  Duties 
of  Nations  in  time  of  War. 
Second  Edition.  8vo.  2  is. 


3.  HISTORY,    BIOGRAPHY,  ETC. 


Baker's  Chronicle.  Chronicon 

Galfridi  le  Baker  de  Swynebroke. 
Edited  with  Notes  by  Edward 
Maunde  Thompson,  Hon.  LL.D.  St. 
Andrews  ;  Hon.  D.C.L.  Durham  ; 
F.S.A.  ;  Principal  Librarian  of  the 
British  Museum.  Small  4to,  stiff 
covers,  i8s.  ;  cloth,  gilt  top,  2  is. 

Bentham.     A   Fragment  on 

Government.     By  Jeremy  Bentham. 


Edited  with  an  Introduction  by 
F.  C.  Montague,  M.A.  8vo.  7s.  6d. 

Bentham.     An   Introduction 

to  the  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legisla- 
tion. By  Jeremy  Bentham.  Crown 
8vo.  6s.  6d. 

Boswell's    Life    of    Samuel 

Johnson,  LL.D.  Edited  by  G.  Birk- 
beck  Hill,  D.C.L.  In  six  volumes, 
medium  8vo.  With  Portraits  and 
Facsimiles.  Half  bound,  3?.  35. 


London :  HENRY  FROWDE,  Amen  Corner,  B.C. 


HISTORY,  BIOGRAPHY,  ETC. 


Calendar    of   the    Clarendon 

State  Papers,  preserved  in  the  Bodleian 
Library.  In  three  volumes.  1869-76. 

Vol.  I.  From  1523  to  January 
1649.  8vo.  1 8s. 

Vol.  II.  From  1649  *°  I^54.    i6s. 

Vol.  III.  From  1655  to  1657.    145. 

Calendar  of  Charters  and  Rolls 

preserved  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 
8vo.  iZ.  us.  6d. 

Carte's  Life  of  James  Duke  of 

Onnond.     6  vols.     8vo.     il.  55. 

Clarendon's    History   of   the 

Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  England. 
Re-edited  from  a  fresh  collation  of 
the  original  MS.  in  the  Bodleian 
Library,  with  marginal  dates  and 
occasional  notes,  by  W.  Dunn 
Macray,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  6  vols.  Crown 
8vo.  2l.  5s. 

History  of  the  Rebellion 

and  Civil  Wars  in  England.  To  which 
are  subjoined  the  Notes  of  Bishop 
Warburton.  7  vols.  medium  8vo. 

2l.   I  OS. 


History  of  the  Rebel- 
lion and  Civil  Wars  in  England. 
Also  his  Life,  written  by  himself, 
in  which  is  included  a  Continua- 
tion of  his  History  of  the  Grand 
Rebellion.  Royal  8vo.  il.  2s. 


Life,  including  a  Con- 
tinuation of  his  History.  2  vols. 
medium  8vo.  iZ.g2s. 

Earle.  Handbook  to  the  Land- 
charters,  and  other  Saxonic  Documents. 
By  John  Earle,  M.A.,  Professor  of 
Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of 
Oxford.  Crown  8vo.  i6s. 


Finlay.     A  History  of  Greece 

from  its  Conquest  by  the  Romans  to  the 
present  time,  B.C.  146  to  A.  D.  1864. 
By  George  Finlay,  LL.D.  A  new 
Edition,  revised  throughout,  and 
in  part  re- written,  with  considerable 
additions,  by  the  Author,  and  edited 
by  H.  F.  Tozer,  M.A.  7  vols.  8vo. 
3Z.  los. 

Fortescue.     The    Governance 

of  England:  otherwise  called  The 
Difference  between  an  Absolute  and 
a  Limited  Monarchy.  By  Sir  John 
Fortescue,  Kt.  A  Revised  Text. 
Edited,  with  Introduction,  Notes, 
&c.,  by  Charles  Plummer,  M.A. 
8vo,  half  bound,  i2s.  6d. 

Freeman.       The    History    of 

Sicily  from  the  Earliest  Times.  Vols.  I. 
and  II.  8vo.  Cloth,  2l.  2s.  Just 
Published. 


History  of  the  Norman 

Conquest  of  England;  its  Causes 
and  Results.  By  E.  A.  Freeman, 
D.C.L.  In  Six  Volumes.  8vo. 
5?.  93.  6d. 

The  Reign  of  William 

Eufus  and  the  Accession  of  Henry  the 
First.  2  vols.  8vo.  il.  i6s. 

A  Short  History  of  the 

Norman  Conquest  of  England.  Second 
Edition.  Extra  fcap.  8vo.  2s.  6d. 

Gardiner.    The  Constitutional 

Documents  of  the  Puritan  Revolution, 
1628-1660.  Selected  and  Edited 
by  Samuel  Rawson  Gardiner,  M.A. 
Crown  8vo.  gs. 

Gascoigne's  Theological  Dic- 
tionary (' Liber  Veritalum') :  Selected 
Passages,  illustrating  the  Condition 
of  Church  and  State,  1403-1458. 
With  an  Introduction  by  James  E. 
Thorold  Rogers,  M.A.  4to.  los.  6rf. 


Oxford :  Clarendon  Press. 


HISTORY,  BIOGRAPHY,  ETC. 


Greswell.      History     of    the 

Dominion  of  Canada.  By  W.  PABR 
GRESWELL,  M.  A.  Under  the  auspices 
of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 
Crown  Svo.  With  Eleven  Maps. 
7«.  6d. 

Geography  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada  and  Newfoundland. 
By  the  same  Author.     Crown  Svo. 
With  Ten  Maps.  6s. 

Gross.     The  Gild  Merchant; 

a  Contribution  to  British  Municipal 
History.  By  Charles  Gross,  PH.D. 
Instructor  in  History,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, 2  vols.  Svo.  Half-bound, 
245. 

Hodgkin.  Italy  and  her  In- 
vaders. With  Plates  and  Maps.  By 
T.  Hodgkin,  D.C.L.  Vols.  I-IV, 
A.D.  376-553.  8vo.  3«.  8s. 

The  Dynasty  of  Theo- 

dosius;  or,  Seventy  Years'  Struggle 
with  the  Barbarians.  By  the  same 
Author.  Crown  Svo.  6s. 

Hume.  Letters  of  David  Hume 

to  Wittiam  Strahan.  Edited  with 
Notes,  Index,  &c.,  by  G.  Birkbeck 
Hill,  D.C.L.  Svo.  i2s.  6d. 

Kitchin.  'A  History  of  France. 

With  Numerous  Maps,  Plans,  and 
Tables.     By  G.  W.  Kitchin,  D.D. 
In  three  Volumes.     Second  Edition. 
Crown  Svo,  each  los.  6d. 
Vol.  I.  to  1453.     Vol.  II.  1453- 
1624.     Vol.  III.  1624-1793. 

Luttrell's  (Narcissus)  Diary. 

A  Brief  Historical  Relation  of  State 
Affairs,  1678-1714.  6  vols.  Svo. 
il.  45. 

Lucas.      Introduction    to    a 

Historical  Geography  of  the  British 
Colonies.  By  C.  P.  Lucas,  B.A. 
With  Eight  Maps.  Crown  Svo. 
45.  6d. 


Lucas.   Historical  Geography 

of  the  British  Colonies  : 

Vol.  I.     The  Mediterranean  and 

Eastern  Colonies  (exclusive  of 
,    India).     With   Eleven   Maps. 

Crown  Svo.     55. 
Vol.  II.     The  West  Indian  Colo- 

nies.       With     Twelve     Maps. 

Crown  Svo.     7s.  6d. 

Machiavelli.        II    Principe. 

Edited  by  L.  Arthur  Burd,  M.A. 
With  an  Introduction  by  Lord 
Acton.  Svo.  Cloth,  145. 

Ranke.  A  History  of  Eng- 
land, principally  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century.  By  L.  von  Ranke.  Trans- 
lated under  the  superintendence  of 
G.  W.  Kitchin,  D.D.,  and  C.  W. 
Boase,  M.A.  6  vols.  Svo.  3?.  35. 

Eawlinson.      A    Manual    of 

Ancient  History.  By  George  Rawlin- 
son,  M.A.  Second  Edition.  Svo.  143. 

Rhys.  Studies  in  the  Arthu- 
rian Legend.  By  John  Rhys,  M.A. 
Svo.  i2s.  6d. 

RLcardo.      Letters    of  David 

Bicardo  to  T.  B.  Nalthus  (1810-1823). 
Edited  by  James  Bonar,  M.A.  Svo. 
i  os.  6d. 

Rogers.  History  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Prices  in  England,  A.D.  1259- 
1702.  By  James  E.  Thorold  Rogers, 
M.A.  6  vols.,  Svo.  i\.  2s. 

First  Nine  Years  of  the 

Bank  of  England.     Svo.     8s.  6d. 

Protests  of  the  Lords,  in- 
cluding those  which  have  been  expunged, 
from  1624  to  1874 ;  with  Historical 
Introductions.  In  three  volumes. 
Svo.  2l.  2s. 

Smith's    Wealth   of  Nations. 

With  Notes,  by  J.  E.  Thorold  Rogers, 
M.A.  2  vols.  Svo.  a  is. 


London;  HENRY  FKOWDE,  Amen  Corner,  B.C. 


PHILOSOPHY,  LOGIC,  ETC. 


Sprigg's  England's  Recovery  ; 

being  the  History  of  the  Army 
under  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax.  8vo.  6s. 

Stubbs.     Select  Charters  and 

other  Illustrations  of  English  Constitu- 
tional History,  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Reign  of  Edward  I.  Arranged 
and  edited  by  W.  Stubbs,  D.D., 
Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford.  Seventh 
Edition.  Crown  8vo.  .  8s.  6d. 

The  Constitutional  His- 
tory of  England,   in   its  Origin    and 
Development.    Library  Edition.    3  vols. 
Demy  8vo.     2l.  8s. 
Also  in  3  vols.   crown  8vo.   price 
I2s.  each. 

Seventeen  Lectures    on 

the  Study  of  Medieval  and  Modern 
History,  delivered  at  Oxford  1867-1884. 
Crown  8vo.  8s.  6d. 


Stubbs.     Registrum   Sacrum 

Anglicanum.  An  attempt  to  exhibit 
the  course  of  Episcopal  Succession 
in  England.  By  W.  Stubbs,  D.D. 
Small  4to.  8s.  6d. 

Wellesley.     A  Selection  from 

the  Despatches,  Treaties,  and  other 
Papers  of  the  Marquess  Wellesley,  K.G., 
during  his  Government  of  India.  Edited 
by  S.  J.  Owen,  M.A.  8vo.  il.  43. 

Wellington.   A  Selection  from 

the  Despatches,  Treaties,  and  other 
Papers  relating  to  India  of  Field-Marshal 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  K.G.  Edited 
by  S.  J.  Owen,  M.A.  8vo.  il.  45. 

Whitelock's     Memorials     of 

English  Affairs  from  1625  to  1660. 
4  vols.  8vo.  il.  i  os. 


4.   PHILOSOPHY,   LOGIC,   ETC. 


Bacon.  The  Essays.  With  In- 
troduction and  Illustrative  Notes. 
By  S.  H.  KEYNOLDS,  M.A.  8vo,  half 
bound.  1 2s.  6d. 

Novum      Organum. 

Edited,  with  Introduction,  Notes, 
&c.,  by  T.  Fowler,  D.D.  Second 
Edition,.  8vo.  155. 

Novum       Organum. 

Edited,  with  English  Notes,  by 
G.  W.  Kitchin,  D.D.  8vo.  95.  6d. 

Novum       Organum. 

Translated  by  G.  W.  Kitchin,  D.D. 
8vo.  93.  6d. 

Berkeley.        The     Works     of 

George  Berkeley,  D.D.,  formerly  Bishop 
of  Cloyne ;  including  many  of  his  writ- 
ings hitherto  unpublished.  With  Pre- 
faces, Annotations,  and  an  Account 


of  his  Life  and  Philosophy,  by  Alex- 
ander Campbell  Fraser,  LL.D.  4 
vols.  8vo.  2l.  1 8s. 

The  Life,  Letter's,  dec.,  separately,  i6s. 

Bosanquet.      Logic;    or,   the 

Morphology  of  Knowledge.  By  B.  Bo- 
sanquet, M.A.  8vo.  2  is. 

Butler's  Works,  with  Index  to 

the  Analogy.     2  vols.     8vo.     us. 

Fowler.  The  Elements  of  De- 
ductive Logic,  designed  mainly  for  the 
use  of  Junior  Students  in  the  Universities. 
By  T.  Fowler,  D.D.  Ninth  Edition, 
with  a  Collection  of  Examples. 
Extra  fcap.  8vo.  35.  6d. 

The  Elements  of  Induc- 
tive Logic,  designed  mainly  for  the  use  of 
Students  in  the  Universities.  By  the 
same  Author.  Fifth  Edition.  Extra 
fcap.  8vo.  6s. 


Oxford :  Clarendon  Press. 


PHYSICAL  SCIENCE. 


Fowler.      The  Principles    of 

Morals.  (Introductory  Chapters.) 
By  T.  Fowler,  D.D.,  and  J.  M. 
Wilson,  B.D.  8vo,  boards,  35.  6d. 

The     Principles     of 

Morals.  Part  II.  By  T.  Fowler,  D.D. 
8vo.  i  os.  6d. 

Green.  Prolegomenato Ethics. 

By  T.  H.  Green,  M.A.  Edited  by 
A.  C.  Bradley,  M.A.  8vo.  125.  6d. 

Hegel.     The  Logic  of  Hegel ; 

translated  from  the  Encyclopaedia 
of  the  Philosophical  Sciences.  With 
Prolegomena  by  William  Wallace, 
M.A.  8vo.  145. 

Hume's   Treatise  of  Human 

Nature.  Edited,  with  Analytical 
Index,  by  L.  A.  Selby-Bigge,  M.A. 
Crown  Svo.  95. 


Locke's  Conduct  of  the  Under- 
standing. Edited  by  T.  Fowler,  D.D. 
Third  Edition.  Extra  fcap.  8vo.  2s.  6cl. 

Lotze's  Logic,  in  Three  Books ; 

of  Thought,  of  Investigation,  and 
of  Knowledge.  English  Translation; 
Edited  by  B.  Bosanquet,  M.A. 
Second  Edition.  2  vols.  Cr.  8vo.  I2s. 

Metaphysic,    in    Three 

Books ;  Ontology,  Cosmology,  and 
Psychology.  English  Translation  ; 
Edited  by  B.  Bosanquet,  M.A. 
Second  Edition.  2  vols.  Cr.  8vo.  I2s. 

Martineau.     Types  of  Ethical 

Theory.  By  James  Martineau,  D.D. 
Third  Edition.  2  vols.  Cr.  8vo.  155. 

A  Study  of  Religion : 

its  Sources  and  Contents.  Second  Edition. 
2  vols.  Cr.  8vo.  155. 


5.    PHYSICAL 

Aplin.  The  Birds  of  Oxford- 
shire. By  0.  V.  Aplin.  8vo.  IDS.  6d. 

Chambers.     A  Handbook   of 

Descriptive    and  Practical  Astronomy. 
By  G.  F.  Chambers,  F.RA.S.   Fourth 
Edition,  in  3  vols.     Demy  8vo. 
Vol.  I.     The  Sun,  Planets,  and 

Comets.     2  is. 

Vol.  II.     Instruments  and  Prac- 
tical Astronomy.     2  is. 
Vol.  III.     The  Starry  Heavens. 
145. 

De  Bary.  Comparative  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Vegetative  Organs  of  the 
Phanerogams  and  Ferns.  By  Dr.  A. 
de  Bary.  Translated  and  Anno- 
tated by  F.  0.  Bower,  M.A.,  F.L.S., 
and  D.  H.  Scott,  M. A.,  Ph.D.,  F.L.S. 
Royal  8vo,  half  morocco,  \l.  2s.  6d. 

Comparative  Mor- 
phology and  Biology  of  Fungi,  Mycetozoa 
and  Bacteria.  By  Dr.  A.  de  Bary. 
Translated  by  H.  E.  F.  Garnsey, 
M.A.  Revised  by  Isaac  Bayley 


SCIENCE. 

Balfour,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.RS.  Royal 
8vo,  half  morocco,  il.  2s.  6d. 

DeBary.  Lectures  on  Bacteria. 

By  Dr.  A.  de  Bary.  Second  Im- 
proved Edition.  Translated  by  H. 
E.  F.  Garnsey,  M.A.  Revised  by 
Isaac  Bayley  Balfour,  M.A.,  M.D., 
F.RS.  Crown  8vo.  6s. 

Fisher.  A  Class  Book  of  Ele- 
mentary Chemistry.  By  W.  W.  Fisher, 
M.A.,  F.C.S.  Crown  Svo.  43.  6d. 

Chemistry  in  Space.  By  Van 't 
Hoff.  Translated  and  edited  by  J.E. 
Marsh,  B.A.  Crown  Svo.  48.  6d. 

Goebel.  Outlines  of  Classifi- 
cation and  Special  Morphology  of  Plants. 
A  new  Edition  of  Sachs'  Text-Book 
of  Botany,  Book  II.  By  Dr.  K. 
Goebel.  Translated  by  H.  E.  F. 
Garnsey,  M.A.  Revised  by  Isaac 
Bayley  Balfour,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.RS. 
Royal  Svo,  half  morocco,  il.  is. 


London :  HENRY  FBOWDE,  Amen  Corner,  B.C. 


PHYSICAL  SCIENCE. 


Sachs.  Lectures  <m  the  Phy- 
siology of  Plants.  By  Julius  von 
Sachs.  Translated  by  H.  Marshall 
Ward,  M.A.,  F.L.S.  Royal  Svo, 
half  morocco,  il.  us.  6d. 

A   History   of  Botany. 

Translated  by  H.  E.  F.  Garnsey, 
M.  A.  Edited  by  I.  Bayley  Balfour, 
M.A.,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  Crown  Svo. 

I  OS. 

Fossil  Botany.  Being  an  In- 
troduction to  Palaeophytology  from  the 
Standpoint  of  the  Botanist.  By  H. 
Graf  zu  Solms-Laubach.  Translated 
by  H.  E.  F.  Garnsey,  M.A.  Edited 
by  I.  Bayley  Balfour,  M.A.,  M.D., 
F.R.S.  Royal  Svo,  half  morocco,  i8s. 

Annals  of  Botany.    Edited  by 

Isaac  Bayley  Balfour,  M.A.,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,   Sydney    H.    Vines,   D.Sc., 
F.R.S.,  and  W.  G.  Farlow,  M.D. 
Vol.  I.  Parts  I-IV.      Royal  Svo, 

half  morocco,  gilt  top,  il.  i6s. 
Vol.  II.     Parts  V-VIII.     2l.  is. 
Vol.   III.     Part    IX.     us.    6d.  ; 
X.  13.9.  6d.;        XL  i8s. ; 
XII.  In  the  Press. 

Vol.   IV.    Part   XIII.     las.   6d.  ; 
XIV.  133.  6d.  ;    XV.  i os.  6d. ; 
XVI.  In  the  Press. 
Vol.  V.     Part  XVII.     IDS.  6d. 

Biological  Series.    (Transla- 
tions of  Foreign  Biological  Memoirs. ) 
I.  The  Physiology  of  Nerve, of Muscle, 
and  of  the  Electrical  Organ. 
Edited  by  J.  Burdon-Sanderson, 
M.D.,  F.R.SS.  L.  &  E.    Medium 
Svo.     il.  is. 


II.  The  Anatomy  of  the  Frog.    By 
Dr.  Alexander  Ecker,  Professor 
in  the  University  of  Freiburg. 
Translated,     with     numerous 
Annotations  and  Additions,  by 
G.  Haslam,  M.D.  Med.Svo.  2 is. 

III.  Contributions  to  the  History 
of  the  Physiology  of  the  Nervous 
System.     By  Professor  Conrad 
Eckhard.     Translated  by  Miss 
Edith  Prance.     In  Preparation. 

IV.  Essays    tipon    Heredity    and 
Kindred  Biological  Problems. 
By  Dr.  A.  Weismann.     Trans- 
lated and  Edited  by  E.  B.  Poul- 
ton,  M.A.,  S.  Schonland,  Ph.D., 
and  A.  E.  Shipley,  M.A.    Second 
Edition.     Crown  Svo.  75.  6d. 

Prestwich.  Geology,  Chemi- 
cal, Physical,  and  Stratigraphical.  By 
Joseph  Prestwich,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 
In  two  Volumes. 

Vol.  I.     Chemical  and  Physical. 

Royal  Svo.    il.  e,s. 
Vol.   II.        Stratigraphical     and 
Physical.      With  a   new  Geo- 
logical Map  of  Europe.     Royal 
Svo.     il.  1 6s. 

New  Geological  Map  of  Europe. 
In  case  or  on  roller.    55. 

Rolleston  and  Jackson,  forms 

of  Animal  Life.  A  Manual  of  Com- 
parative Anatomy,  with  descrip- 
tions of  selected  types.  By  George 
Rolleston,  M.D.,  F.R.S.  Second 
Edition.  Revised  and  Enlarged  by 
W.  Hatchett  Jackson,  M.A.  Medium 
Svo.  il.  1 6s. 


AT    THE    CLARENDON    PRESS 
LONDON : HENRY  FROWDE 

OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS  WAREHOUSE,  AMEN  CORNER,  B.C. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


23Aug'49/\P 

2  Alo  'iic 

• 

IN 

OCT   1  Q  1953 

.       4Jan'56TfY 
JAN  16  1956  El 


REC'D  LD 

DEC  6  - 1959 


LD  2f-ToOm-g,'48(B3998l6)476 


P0076 


Ml 21362 


, 


